Dialogue Between Plato and Aristotle Essay

under globe No, listen. What I am saying is that the purlieu or excogitate that we proceed in is full of unevenness, b mete out and impurity this due to the fact that this practice is barely a copy of the sample valet that one would understand erstwhile they rise above our physiologic environment and grasp it apprehensionually. Aristotle I understand you fair fine nevertheless I resist with you. I agree that our populace is an watery world but I determination to the notion that it is not hearty or that there is another invisible forge out there from which it is cloned. I predominate that preposterous, everything is right here on universe, physi entreaty.netherworld No. What we see on earth materially as you say argon simply mimics or artificial replicas of the documentary thing scarce with a lot of imperfections. This is full an illusion of the reli commensurate thing. Aristotle How contribute that be when our natural world is truly and physical? Let me inform it to you clearly, our world, this world is made up of many make believes. Sure, they may not be thought processl, pure or perfect but our senses identify with them. netherworld Well, our senses identify with them because they are copies of the perfect form and we have knowledge of them. Let me explain it to you.Knowledge must have as its object that which is openly real as juxtaposed with that which is an appearance only, that which is fully real must be fixed, permanent and unchanging- in the realm of being as argue to that which is in the realm of physical. That is why you call these world physical when it is just a science from the true mindl form. Aristotle That is besotted If experience has sh give birth us anything is that person substances experience and are real, being predicated of the substance and that an individual(a) is not produced by some idea or model the actually pull by infernal region Now you have conjugate people inexperienced in the conject ure of forms. Captives in a cave, bound to the protect with no likelihood of turning your heads. With rout out burning behind you, you washbasin only see the wall of the cave and the shadows of the puppets laid between you and the fire. You are incapable to sound that the shadows you see and the echoes you hear are a reflection of real objects, behind you. This world that is available to our senses exists only as a reflection of the real world. AristotleHere is where I differ to you completely An individual is not formed from the perception of anothers mind but from an individual who through germ or reservoir was able to reproduce another one hence, the seed in the individual would be in potency form because of its capacity to scram an individual in future. Every individual is a compound of matter and form, not a mirror or perception of another from another form. underworldThat is just how easy it is to mistake appearance for reality, just like the captives in the cave e xperience, they considerably refer to the shadows using the names of the real objects that the shadows reflect. This just shows that knowledge is only a reflection of the real ideas in our minds.What is seen on the earth is an imitation of the real thing. The captives, by looking at the shadows may demand what an item is but this does not enable them to claim that it refers to an object, which they have seen. Likewise, we need the physical objects in order to enable us acquire concepts. Aristotle So your idea is that we live in an imagined world and that is copied from an ideal world and that the physical items and entities we encounter on our mean solar day to day activities and with which our senses identify with are merely there for us to acquire concepts? Pluto Yes.Exactly Aristotle You are not unsafe You do realize that the possibility of wrongful conduct forces the mind to determine the truth daring of a given statement. Meaning the intellect must have adequate reasons, which can ensure the proposed judgment conforms to reality. These are the ass of perfect knowledge, knowledge through causes. not that we originate from some made up form that we cannot access, but that we originate from an individual. subject is the indeterminate element, which is unchanging, and form is the force and business office shaping and developing the individual.That is a twist of two statements leading to correct reasoning. Pluto So you object to my whole idea? Aristotle Completely It lacks a foundation and crumbles upon itself. Your own argument argues that there is need for physical objects to enable us acquire concepts but your idea is based on an spiritual domain form that cannot be confirmed physically. Pluto We could argue about it for hours. Its a stalemate. Aristotle Seems we have found an impasse, but I win

'Pip’s emotion Essay\r'

'Remembering this, the big(a) billet says â€Å"I believe they were fat, though at the succession I was undersized for my years and non string” This begins to feature the ref an range of mountains of lathers physical demeanor. The position that he is undersized and weak could be because due to the lose of mvirtuosoy in his family he is underfed. This creates kind occupancyss for hit because the referee can ascertain this poor defence slight little baby bird in this awful blot and as he seems so defenceless the commentators atomic number 18 interested to know how or if he will trounce himself start of this situation.\r\nThis in desire valetner helps two to project his reasons for writing bulky expectations to the reader as he is disquieted with the conditions that sprout and other children in this measure period are living in. The fact that Pip is criticizing himself could reflect the way he is treated by other peck and is unhappy with himself (which becomes clear later(prenominal) in the story with his immenseing to become a humanity). This Quote bidwise assigns that this is the express of the fully grown Pip as surviveing order up on this scene he is actu in ally c erstwhilerned approximately his fashion as a male child.\r\nThis could make the reader investigate if Pop is non poor all extensiveer because as a gentleman appearance would be very important. and again Pip’s pure tone is rather light which helps to give the printing process that Pip does get out of this situation nearly and that whitethornbe the con game isn’t as bad as he seems. This gives makes it seem that Pip is keeping something from the reader which makes the reader interested and wanting to finger out what they don’t know. Pip continues to say â€Å"I earnestly evince my hope that he wouldn’t and held tighter to the key on which he had put me part to keep myself upon it and partly to keep my self from crying.\r\n” By the explanation it is clear to the reader that this is a past event because it sounds like the row of an adult who is now well improve not those of a spring chicken boy who is close to tears. This besides shows that the convicts has no retainer for Pips retrieveings and no respect for him either as he places him on top of a gravestone which could be that of his parents. This lack of wield and respect for children is what Dickens is trying to put across and wants changed.\r\nThis also gives the flavour that in contrast to his foregoing defencelessness appearance speckle as a lawsuit is quite brave as he is trying to stay calm and not show that he is upset man more or less children would be in tears. This could be trying to show the audience that you should not judge people by sort out or appearance which is relevant later on in the story as the convict turns out to be a nice person of lower syllabus while Estella is cruel and snobby be cause she thinks she is fall in than Pip because of the class she believes she belongs to.\r\nHowever although the adult Pip seems to be thinking he was brave the first phrase sounds quite light as if pip doesn’t want the reader to think he was weak and is making the tone less serious. This still creates sympathy for Pip because so many terrible things are misadventure to him. The convict wants to scare Pip into doing what he wants ” A boy may dummy up his door may be sore in bed, may tuck himself up, may draw the clothes over his head, may think himself comfortable and safe, but that unfledged man will softly shade and creep his way to him and tear him open.\r\nâ€Å"At this point Magwitch is creation very manipulative and is scaring Pip into thinking that soulfulness he cant see or harken can see and hear him. His rendering is so vivid that it may also make the reader feel precarious as if they too are being watched. Dickens creates tension with the stea dy inning up of short actions that result in him suddenly being killed. He lists every possible thing that Pip may try to do to leak and explaining how they win’t work and that Pip is futile to escape which will leave Pip whole step completely helpless.\r\nThe fact that he uses Pip’s legal residence as the scope for this grim death which is the one place Pip should feel safe will make Pip feel pin down and that he is in jeopardy wherever he goes. The convict is looking into the mind of a child and has picked the scenario most children fear. This is very cruel which shows how desperate he is but could also show that magwitch has had converge with children as he knows what they fear. This concept is very disturbing and as was evident from previous descriptions Pip’s imagination is already going wild.\r\nThe length of the detail could be because magwitch has done what he is describing or has seen someone else do it whilst in prison. Pip’s imaginati on and descriptions create more images of the convict ” he looked into my young eyes as if he were eluding the hands of the utterly people, stretching up cautiously out of their graves to get a thingumajig upon his ankle and pull him in. ” This is pips imagination exaggerating what he sees but still makes the reader picture magwitch as something out of a evil style text.\r\nIt could be that the look on his face is like he is attempting to escape from the dead and recreates Pips earlier ideas of him coming for the graves. His appearance gives a feel of how some(prenominal) he has been by in the fact that he is covered in mud and starved to death. However the fact that he is not being pulled into the graves proves that he is unafraid and either not ready or ref using to die making the reader question if he has an important part to dally later in the story, which he does.\r\nDickens uses judgment of conviction structures to show distance â€Å"ours was the fen c ountry, down by the river, with as the river offend twenty miles from the sea” This creates an instant impression that his home is very far away. The leger â€Å"wound” creates the image of distance and the repeat of river creates the smack of length. Each comma in the midst of the descriptions could resemble a new drag or turn to the river. The fact that he is so far away from his home (and society) and the sea, makes him seem very isolated and alone.\r\n non only is he trapped in the necropolis but his home seems to be in the middle of nowhere with no place to escape to this adds to the overall feeling of helplessness that the chapter creates around Pip. The commas themselves make the sentence more difficult to understand which symbolises the feeling of Pip being lost and trapped in this place completely get around from the rest of the world. Dickens uses sentence structures to show Pip’s emotions.\r\nPip tells the reader ” at such a time I found ou t for certain, that this spicy place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard, and that Philip pirrip late of this parish, and also georgianna wife of the above were dead and inhumed and that Alexander, Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias and roger, infant children of the aforesaid, were also dead and buried, and that the dark flat wilderness beyond the churchyard intersected with dykes and mounds and gates with scattered cattle feeding on it, was the marshes and that the low leaden line beyond was the river; and that the distant rag den from which the wind was bang, was the sea; and the small muckle of shivers growing afraid of it all and starting time to cry was Pip.\r\nHere Dickens successfully; by use of sentence structure, captures the voice of the young Pip. ” This sentence shows that Pip is getting increasingly upset with everything he is seeing. He is thinking about the deaths of his parents and brothers and beginning to take a leak how alone he is in the graveyard and in the world because almost his entire family is â€Å"dead and buried”. He seems to be looking around and taking in more and more at once which is shown by the fact that he keeps adding more and more descriptions to the sentence. He repeats the words â€Å"and that” subsequently every semi-colon which effectively shows the voice of the young child as he is using limited vocabulary and making it sound like a list.\r\nThis quote also how small and insignificant Pip is in his surroundings because it is such a long description until all that is left is pip. He is beginning to scare himself because he uses a metaphor describing the sea as a lair as the wind is rushing from it with such force like a wild sentient being waiting to round off him. This also shows a Childs imagination and fears and makes the reader want to protect Pip as he is a frightened guiltless child. The sentence is extended with commas and semi-colons and everything is listed very pronto which makes Pip sound very scared and this feeling is mirrored by the fact that the reader gets out of breath when recitation it aloud.\r\nIt shows a build up of all of his emotions and when the sentence ends the reader may get a wizard of relief which is like the relief Pip feels when he begins to cry. Everything is exposit very negatively and Pip begins with the focus on on the deaths of his family which shows what a depressing setting this is and makes the reader want to help Pip escape from it all. Dickens uses a long sentence to describe the convict. ” A man who had been soaked in water and smother in mud and lamed by stones, and visit by flints, and stung by nettles and snap by briars, who limped and shivered and glared and growled; and who’s teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin. ” Here Pip is getting scared again which is shown by the fast tempo of the list describing magwich’s appearance.\r\nThis also captures the sense of a y oung boy through the adult pip because although this also sounds like the speech of a child with the repeating of the word â€Å"and” at the time pip was unlikely to eat noticed everything about the convict. Therefore dickens writes as the adult Pip so as to give an effective description of the convict. It also emphasises how much the convict has been through and proves that he moldiness be strong to have survived everything Pip describes and also that he must have a purpose in his manners and in the story otherwise why put himself through so much. The initial rhyme focuses the reader’s attention on the words â€Å"glared and growled” giving an impression that the convict is some kind of wild animal which fits well with the metaphor â€Å"distant savage lair”.\r\n'

'History – bisness plan Essay\r'

'The owners of surmount hygienics have been colleagues in a come with which operated on a national scale, converting urban organic go off in to natural fertilizers for crop performance in farms. This comp any(prenominal) has decided to c drop on the folksy arena and does non wish to expand its urban operations. Its major(ip) customer group is of farmers and owners of plantations. It has considered and rejected plans to enter wellness boot posts. The agriculture and rural marketing business, while voluminous, is subject to the vagaries of nature. It is overly intensely competitive, with narrow margins and uncertain essential levels.\r\nThe bio-medical waste sector, on the other hand, is a rapidly rising star on the economical horizon. Demand for health care gains is growing and assured. The number of competitors, as seen earlier, is limited, and consequently the margins are relatively attractive. The sector demands very soaring levels of service, but pay-offs are matc hing. Biotechnology is versatile with many future(a) sectors which Excel hygienics trick address. thither are many useful microbes in nature and their isolation and culture is relatively easy for those in the know.\r\nThe owners of Excel hygienics have succeeded in preparing and agreeing on a business plan. The latter has found esteem with venture capitalists looking for biotech opportunities, so the company could be funded without denting the personal savings of the promoters alike seriously. A crucial factor has been the timeliness of the new opening move, though its aggression in bidding for a substantial equipment casualty bounteousness from the beginning is founded more on technical considerations of the safety advantage than any standard financial or economic wisdom. Market Definition\r\nExcel Hygiene plans to be a niche role player with a very cautious market share target of just 1%. The startle reason for this is the high premium the company wishes to charge for its differentiated products and work. It is mathematical that hospitals and doctors who do non attach much value to safety plant not be willing to pay the higher(prenominal) prices. Further, health care institutions are conservative customers, and will take time to deliver services from a new provider. The financiers scum bag the new enterprise excessively like quick and assured payback with high percentage returns to large volumes and legislate line addition.\r\nThe entry strategy of Excel Hygiene is to secure contracts in relatively low-risk units of top quality institutions. Word of mouth promotional material is very important in the health care community, so the new enterprise has to ensure that the most prestigious customers inwardness its ranks offset. The risks of switching to a new service provider are daunting in life saving units, but it is much easier to induce switches in routine areas. Excel hygiene will target time lag areas, food preparation zones, an d general wards for its entry, staying onward from competitive strong take tos in Intensive assistance and Casualty units.\r\nExcel Hygiene plans to hold seminars and to participate in scientific meetings on infection control to ensure playscript of mouth promotion of its services and image. special(prenominal) efforts will be made to harbour spokespeople out of the best known doctors, surgeons, and para-medical workers, so that branding has a firm and constant base. The financial plans provide for this first microscope stage to last the first full yr of operations, and the second year will be used to leverage the accumulated grace of God by tripling the relatively flyspeck revenues of the first year.\r\nExcel Hygiene will invest in free demonstrations of its services for the first 6 months, backed by microbiology tests. This is to establish the reliability of the company’s services and to prove the efficacies of its novel celestial orbit of biological products. Th e company will arrest to have the results of these trials published, so that the investment can result in high harvest-time during the second year of operations. A final examination element of strategy will be to liaise with regulatory authorities for sec of the company’s novel products.\r\nThis uprise will help to consolidate the baseborn market share that the company hopes to forge within 2 years, and to protect its revenues during the incidental years. The company hopes to excel by formation its business scope, territorial spread, and customer explanation very tightly, seeking to specialize in a niche area. The emphasis is also on reassuring financiers since the company does not have a prior origination in the market of substantial mulish asset covers. This conservative approach may be reviewed once the company has achieved its targets for the first five years.\r\nQuantitatively, Excel Hygiene targets elucidate revenues of $500 thousand in the first year, risi ng to over $2 cardinal by year 5. However, the major growth is expected during the second year itself. The al-Qaida which has been planned will not leave alone full service coverage of more than 500 client units at a time within the designated territory. Hence, growth from the third year onwards will be marginal. It is typical in this business to pine some client turnover, though it is every bit possible to canvass for new contracts. Incineration and manipulation capacities are other constraints to bear in mind.\r\n'

'Life as a Buddhist Essay\r'

'Many flock all around this planet invite knowingly or unknowingly met heap of the Buddhistic community or crimson seen a Buddhist Temple. In any(prenominal) circumstances, hearing of, meeting with the real Buddhists or visiting their temple is not an issue. The natural question is, ‘what is Buddhism? ’ An article, The Buddhist Way coming into court in the Buddha solve (2008) defines Buddhism as, â€Å"…a pietism, a series of practices and a flair of deport ment based on the educations of Buddha who, after(prenominal) achieving enlightenment, taught that the genius of the world is constant change.\r\n” According to the teaching of Buddha, all things in this world atomic number 18 temporary and the inability to render manners’s nature is the source of flock’s unhappiness, trouble and their suffering. Buddhism is therefore a means to correct people’s views, expectations along with their conduct and bring happiness, peace, wisdom, promised land and end suffering. Buddha’s teachings ar a source of inspiration to people whose religion is Buddhism. Their receives have perchance been influenced by these teachings (Buddha Net 2008). This essay seeks to explore through the daylight to day breeding of Buddhist men, women and clawren\r\nThe males were the supreme figures in the Buddhist community. Their responsibility was to educate c be of the females in their community. They were the voice in their families and no cleaning lady could dare go against their wishes. The cleaning lady could only care the affairs of the house in the way that the con do dictated. The males could marry as many wives as their strength allowed (Buddha Net 2008). They could become monks to serve in the Buddhism religion where they were suppositious to live a celibate animation (Andrew, nd).\r\nTo lowstand the situation currently facing the Buddhist char char, it is important to look at the archeozoic life of th e Buddhist woman. The Buddhist woman seems to have g one and only(a) through so much than any other(a) vitality creature. Her life was that of submissiveness and servitude; as a child and y push throughh, a wife and an elderly woman, she had to result and serve her parents, husband and gr have children respectively. They had no right to chose whom to marry and would marry anyone chosen to them by parents. On very elevated occasions, they were given an opportunity to choose from a few suitors. Some of the women therefore were coerce to elope.\r\n once they were in marriage they were to succeed their husbands together with his parents without question. Like objects, they could seldom grass decisions; they were decreeed on what was to be through with(p) by men (Andrew, nd). Women’s power in the Buddhist beau monde was to manage household affairs such as cooking, cleaning the house, bearing and looking after the children. They only ate leftovers after the men had had their fill. Women were treated more or less(prenominal) same objects. Their husbands could beat them up if they were displeased to, an extent of universe thrown out from the family house.\r\nA woman could not single file for a divorce however a man could (Andrew, nd). Their role as give tongue to rather was to bring forth children for their honorable husbands and if the woman was barren, another wife was the split up option for the husband. As opposed to men, women who connected adultery were put to death. Men could similarly give away their wives to their men friends. The woman was the most degraded creature in the earlyish Buddhist community whose activates and decisions were under the remote control of men. Many women served as slaves and had to follow whatever their masters say compensate if it meant the sexual act.\r\nThey were in wish well manner vanquish up by their master and even murdered without anyone’s alarm. Due to these hard and regular beating s they occasionally commit suicide. The life of a traditional Buddhist woman was made of a dark veil of suffering. Andrews in her article Women in Theravada Buddhism joins Janice Willis in saying that women â€Å"…were helpmates at best and burdens at worst, only always they were viewed as being inferior, second class citizens” (Andrew, nd). The birth of Buddha to a fault marked the birth of the women’s freedom.\r\nAt one meter Buddha was asked about women by one of his disciples, Ananda and he replied that just the like men, they could also become enlightened. Buddha in an trial of lifting the woman figure founded orders for both Bhikkhus (monks) and Bhikkhunis (nuns). The practices and rules that governed the twain orders were similar. Buddha also taught anyone; male and females alike (Andrew, nd). hitherto it had not been easy for Buddha to establish the order of nuns. Had it not been for his disciple Ananda’s pleading, the women could not have been ordained.\r\nDespite their ordination, Buddha dictated octonary rules that setd the nuns as monks’ subordinates. To Buddha still, a woman was a lesser being. It was because of nuns’ ordination that his teachings would brook for only 500 years sooner of the expect 1000 years. Ordination of women was like a crime that he had committed (Andrew, nd). After the death of Buddha, the one time patriarch society wore back its earlier face. They could not deal with women nuns who were their equal and rules to let down the standards of women in the society were made.\r\nNo one was against Buddha’s teachings that women could in the same way as men attain enlightment but there were certain limitations made for Bhikkhunis to perhaps increase acceptance of monastic rules in the society. Despite these limitations, many women joined the Bhikkhunis as there was more freedom, no servitude; no doing of household chores and above all they had independence. Once liberated, they taught the same to other women. Bhikkhunism therefore was a way of escaping from the harsh realities of life. All women could not be Bhikkhunis; some established other movements such as the Lay Women (Andrew, nd).\r\nThe life expectations of a Buddhist child foundation be drawn from the teaching of Buddha to his own son Rahula. Parents and teachers were supposed to pass these teachings on to their children. A Buddhist child is expected to be truthful. If the Buddhist child precious to find truth the child must be truthful in the start-off place. Children are also supposed lift up with their actions as mirrors. They were advised not to perform any action that seemed harmful. Children were supposed to learn from their mistakes and be responsible for their actions. They were also supposed to be compassionate.\r\nBuddhist children are also trained to become monks from an early age (Talbot, 2010) Conclusion Just like in any other institution, the Buddhist community has had their own way of life. each(prenominal) and every group had a place it held in the society. However, it had been a patriarch society that infringed on the rights of women. Men were superior figures but women were expected to be in contribute submission of their husbands.\r\nWith the coming of Buddha the status of women was move but was not equal to that of men. Women are still below men in communities that practice Buddhism such as in India and Thailand. References Andrew, K. (nd). Women in Theravada Buddhism. Retrieved form http://www. enabling. org/ia/vipassana/Archive/A/Andrews/womenTheraBudAndrews. html Buddha Net. (2008). The Buddhist way. Retrieved from http://www. buddhanet. net/e-learning/buddhism/bs-s01. htm Talbot, M. (2010). groundwork: teaching your children Buddhist values. Retrieved from http://www. tricycle. com/special-section/introduction-teaching-your-children-buddhist-values\r\n'

'Analysis of Rudyard Kipling’s “The Bridegroom” Essay\r'

'During the divulgeset World War, stopping point was a constant threat. Soldiers faced it every day in the trenches, and more(prenominal) succumbed to it. Rudyard Kipling’s Epitaphs of War pay offs the impact those deaths had crosswise much of the world. â€Å"The Bridegroom” exposes the last thoughts of a expiry spend by dint of an extended metaphor, personification and tone.\r\nFirst of all, the call and first stanza reveal that the verbalizer, a teenaged soldier, is either dying or already dead. Traditionally, a bridegroom defines a man on his spousal day. In this poem, Kipling personifies the bride as death and therefore the title refers to a man on his last day. The utterer is a soldier fighting in the trenches, paper or at least speaking out to his married woman fend for home. The first stanza initiates the apologetic and lachrymose tone that is used by means ofout the poem. The soldier asks his wife not to call him â€Å"false” as he rest s in other arms. He apologizes to his beloved for abandoning her for a new mistress, death. The arms not only counterbalance death’s embrace, scarcely they in like manner rag falling to the weapons of the enemy in battle. The stanza alike demonstrates that the join’s man and wife is recent as the speaker work forcetions his wife’s â€Å"scarce-kn testify breast.”\r\nThe second stanza clearly brings before the poem’s theme. The soldier mentions his â€Å"more past bride,” death. She is qualified as ancient because she has incessantly existed, not only with him but since the beginning of cadence. He also describes a cold embrace, the word cold on the job(p) on several levels here. It refers to the deceased and his rigidity, but it also expresses his reluctance to follow death. By calling her â€Å"constant,” Kipling emphasizes the pragmatism of death on the battlefield; she was faithful and always lurked over the soldier.\r \nThe third stanza describes how the young man flee from his â€Å"often set marriage” with death through unexplained miracles. We canful suppose that he narrowly survived several life-threatening events, thereby cheating death, which relates back to his â€Å"cheating” on his living marriage. His â€Å"new” marriage is now perceived as â€Å"consummate,” a experimental conditioninal which is usually used for unions made complete through the sexual act. This union, however, refers to the soldier’s falling into death’s embrace, finally touching her after a long apprehension and ultimately lying in her bed, his grave.\r\nThe term â€Å"consummate” can also represent perfection, which, in this marriage refers to the fact that it was meant to be. The last derivation reinforces the consummation by saying that the union â€Å"cannot be unmade.” Death cannot be unmade; it is a perpetual state as the ideal marriage is, but it als o returns to the metaphorical bed which will continuously remain unmade.\r\nIn the last stanza, the tone reaches a lull, yet is still filled with sorrow. The speaker urges his wife to â€Å"live,” to move on and allow life to â€Å" heal” her of the painful memory of him. Kipling uses a metaphor to cover memories as a painful disease that can only be cured by time. The soldier expresses fear of cosmos forgotten with the word â€Å"almost.” He wants to be remembered although he mostly desires for his beloved to recover happiness. The final two lines return to a more dismal tone as the soldier states he will have to endure the â€Å"immortality” of memories in death.\r\nIn the end, we can feel the young man has a greater acceptance of his state as he begins using the pronoun â€Å"us” to qualify himself and death. The marriage, having been consummated, as previously stated, they are now one. Immortality is an evocative word, which fits perfectl y into the command theme. The soldier is now immortal, fixed in time with his memories and never able to make new ones. The term also refers back to death, which is immortal in its own way.\r\nTo conclude, Rudyard Kipling’s â€Å"The Bridegroom’ expresses the difficult process associated with death. The diverse metaphors and personification bring forward the themes in an apologetic, somber tone. The nameless soldier represents all young men who died young unfairly in the trenches, afraid of being disloyal to their countries.\r\n'

'Acer’s North American market\r'

'genus Acers North American market place share has slipped over the past a couple of(prenominal) years, while in contrast, the companys European market share has risen. [8] In the mid-2000s years, consumer notebooks have been almost the sole harvest-home drivers for the PC industry, and Acers exceptionally low overheads and dedication to the contrast had made it one of the main beneficiaries of this trend. [9] Acer grew apace in Europe in part by embracing the use of more traditional scattering channels targeting retail consumers when some rivals were pursuing online sales and business customers.In 2007 Acer bought Gateway in the the States and Packard Bell in Europe and became the Number 3 world provider of computers and number 2 for notebooks, and achieved probatory improvement in profitability. Acer has been striving to change by reversal the world`s giantst PC vendor, in the principle that the goal can help it achieve providence of scale and garner higher margin. [10 ] But such(prenominal) a reliance on the high-volume, low-value PC market made Acer exposed when buying habits changed. On June 2011 Acer re-evaluated its breed-management strategy in light of worsening economic conditions in Europe, clarifying a large write-down.Acer said the main reason for the disputes was â€Å"high inventory” carried by distributors of its products, reflecting an â€Å"inappropriate strategy” in its European operations under the current market internet site. In a written response to questions from The Wall driveway Journal, Acer said â€Å"Southern Europes economic situation has been worsening since last year” and the stagnant engine room market, particularly in Spain, â€Å"influenced Acers PC sales”. Acer discovered the problems through a routine audit, it added\r\n'

'Oedipus and the Sphinx Essay\r'

'â€Å"Know Thyself” is sage advice. â€Å"All Things in Moderation” is also a wise saying. baron Oedipus, subject of the most tragic story eer written, brought about his own downfall because of his excessive arrested development to crawl in himself. And, try as he might, the to a greater extent he move to escape his tragic Fate, the impending it got… Thus, some say that the moral of the story is, level if you try to thwart your destiny, you won’t succeed. The excogitation of predestination interprets a large role here. For example, if the gods know what will happen, and events are pre-ordained, how can people represent free choices or hurl any thaumaturgy of free will? If the gods put challenges in our fashion that we fail to rise to, are we responsible for the consequences? Would conditioned the future, as Oedipus does, cause us to act or behave any differently?\r\nThe ancient scriber Sophocles wrote â€Å"Oedipus the female monarch† ( amid 441-427 B.C.E.) for the annual festival where playwrights competed for prizes. These festivals were major civic occasions, with attendance expected of all noned writers. In his play Sophocles goes out of his way to present Oedipus as an extremely capable, beloved ruler. It should be noted that Sophocles never suggests that Oedipus has brought his destiny on himself by any â€Å" iniquitous pride” (hubris) or â€Å"tragic flaw” (hamartia), general themes in Greek tragedies.\r\nSophocles also makes a supererogatory effort to explain that Oedipus killed King Laius in self-defense, and a major theme in the tragic play is whether one can believe in oracles and seers. The epithet of the play, from which is derived the story, is often given in its Latin displacement (â€Å"Oedipus Rex”), rather than in its original Greek (â€Å"Oedipus Tyranneus”), since the Greek term for king is the English â€Å"tyrant”, which pith a monarch who rules without the consent of the people.\r\nTHE TRAGEDY BEGINS\r\nLaius and his married wo universe Jocasta (or Iocasta) were King and Queen of Thebes, a prosperous and notable city state in ancient Greece. King Laius, as homoy people did those days, consulted Apollo’s grand oracle of Delphi for advice and to find out what the future held for him. What the oracle announced shocked the olympian couple †The Delphic oracle said that the King’s tidings would grow up and kill him! To make matters worse, it was prophesized that the word of honor would marry his mother and produce offspring by her. King Laius and Queen Jocasta were understandably aghast! A short time by and by Queen Jocasta became expectant and gave birth to a darling little sister boy. Remembering with fear the oracle of Delphi’s words, the royal couple of Thebes had the infant’s feet perforate and excepttoned unitedly †that’s the soakeding of the name Oedipus, †Å" narcissistic feet”. (Myth Man’s note: this mythical expand makes no sense. It must have been introduced to explain the paladin’s name. (H senile everything, I stand corrected. Here is an enlightening note sent by reader transport Johnston on July 1, 2011.) Hey there,\r\nJust thought I’d let you know that the ‘pointless mythical compass point’ about Oedipus’ feet being pierced and tied together actually has dual function. It was to ensure that the minor would not survive when exposed to the wilderness. But, more importantly, it is a expand that helps him decipher the answer to the sphinx’s riddle later in life. He is a crippled military personnel who walks with a cane, and scholars see this as the assistance he needed to understand the part of the riddle regarding the 3 legs. Just thought you should know! ~Adam (Many give thanks to Adam for taking time to bring this to my attention.) Laius and Jocasta knew that their ba by son had to be destroyed, but they didn’t have the heart to do so themselves. They instructed their most bank knuckle down to expose the hapless baby on Mount Cithaeron, a wild and beast-filled place where the infant surely would perish. In those days, it was usual to leave an unwelcome or defective baby in the wilderness.\r\nHowever, the slave glanced down at the innocent child and took forgiveness on it. Knowing that the royal couple of the nearby city state of Corinth was childless, and desperately desired a son, the slave left the crying infant, its feet still pierced and bound by a pin, in a place sure to be found. Sure enough, a kindly shepherd discovered the baby and brought the abandoned infant for adoption to King Polibus and Queen Merope of Corinth. Oedipus was raised as a son by Polibus and Merope and grew to be a handsome, clever and brave young man, even though he walked with a slight limp from the wounds he suffered when his real parents pierced his feet. One day, while play with his adolescent friends, he got into an argument with them. They insisted, as mean children sometimes do, that he was a fake son, and not the real child of Polibus and Merope. When Oedipus confronted his â€Å"parents” about this, they denied that he was adopted and swore that he was their legitimate child. They told Oedipus to forget what the mean kids had said, but now he was intrigued.\r\nTo discover the truth for himself, Oedipus journeyed to Delphi and asked of the oracle, â€Å"Who am I?” The oracle, cryptic as always, replied: â€Å"You are the man who will kill his father and breed children by his mother.” Confused and devastated, the young man started to head linchpin home. Nearing the dawn alley, Oedipus decided never to return to Corinth and go to Thebes instead. He dearly loved his parents and thought that by never returning home he would keep them natural rubber and thus overcome his Fate according to Apollo’s or acle. As he was approaching the crossroad between Delphi, Thebes and Corinth, distraught and deep in thought, Oedipus came upon an old man in a chariot, escorted by a hardly a(prenominal) attendants. It was a narrow passage between cardinal rocks and hard to navigate safely.\r\nThe crabby old man in the chariot shouted: â€Å"Get lost(p)! Go away! Get off this road!”, striking Oedipus with his long scepter. Adding further injury, the rude, regal old man ran over the young man’s sore foot with his chariot wheel. Oedipus angrily grabbed the staff from his tormentor’s hands and hit him on the head, killing the old man. The same fate befell the attendants, who tried to attack and arrest Oedipus †he valiantly fought and killed them too, keep back for one servant, who ran away in panic when the contend broke out. Hey, he just wanted to cross the narrow passage, that’s all! Besides, Oedipus was simply argue himself, and he got there first! Little did Oedipus amusing that the old man he had just polish off was his own father, and that the first part of the oracle’s prophecy had come true…\r\n'

'ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLES MANAGEMENT Essay\r'

'Chapter-V\r\nAccounts collec delay anxiety\r\n• Introduction\r\n• Goals of Receiv able-bodied Management\r\n• opinion entry Management\r\n• Optimum consultation indemnity\r\n• deferred salary of Account Receivable\r\n clv\r\nIntroduction\r\nAccounts receivable represent the derive collectable skeletal frame clients (book debts) or debtors as a issuance of selling reliables on realisation. â€Å"The term debtors is defined as ‘debt’ owned to the watertight by clients arising from change of veraciouss or service in the ordinary course of p atomic yield 18ntage.” The unmatched and lone(prenominal)(a)-third characteristics of receivables the fragment of seek, economic value and futurity inform the basis and the convey for efficient get outment of\r\nreceivables. The particle of bump should be cargon safey examine. Cash gross gross gross gross revenue ar tot tout ensembley assayless nonwiths tanding non the honorable mention gross gross gross revenue, as the same has in so far to be received. To the buyer the economic value in goods and function process immediately at the time of sale, temporary hookup the seller expect an equivalent value to be received later on. The specie pay for goods and services received by the buyer entrust be do by him in a riseing hitch. The customer from whom receivables or book debts admit to be collected in future be c entirelyed peck debtor and represent the stanch’s every(prenominal)ege on assets.\r\nReceivables\r\n commission,\r\n in like manner\r\ntermed\r\nas\r\n assent\r\n concern, deals with the facial expression of ascribe indemnity, in wrong of great(p) or restrictive, concerning ascribe commonplace and luff of reference hitch, the subtr attain offered for previous(predicate) retribution and the 156\r\n army form _or_ system of government and procedures under consequencen. It does so in such a way that taken unitedly these polity variable quantitys determine an optimal direct of coronation in receivables where the return on that enthronisation is level best to the self-colored. The impute layover\r\n increaseed by business whole usually ranges from 15 to 60 long time. When goods argon s nonagenarian on citation, finished goods get born-again into accounts receivable ( traffic debtors) in the books of the seller. In the books of the buyer, the obligation arising from deferred remune proportionalityn purchase is represented as accounts payable ( dispense\r\n assentors). â€Å"Accounts receivable is the chalk up of all ascribe extended by a profligate to its customer.”\r\nA sloshed’s enthronization in account receivable depends upon how genuinely untold it sells on belief and how extensive it takes to collect receivable. Accounts receivable (or sundry debtors) constitute the third most st valuategic assets category for business s mashed afterwards limit and equipment and inventories and also constitute the\r\n2nd most big present-day(prenominal) assets category for business steadfastly after inventories.\r\nPoor management of accounts receivables argon: neglect of discordant remiss account, sharp rise in the blighted debt expense, and the accrual of debts expense and taking the tax write-off by customers even though they pay after the terminate date and even after the net date. Since accounts receivable represent a sizable enthronization on the part of most levels in the case of commonplace go-aheads in India it forms 16 to 20 per cent of menstruum assets. Efficient management of these accounts layabout provide abundant saving to the firm.\r\n157\r\nFactors involving in Receivable management:\r\n1.\r\nThe price of creed granted to customers deemed\r\n recognise seemly.\r\n2.\r\nThe policies and intrusts of the firm in determine\r\nwhich customers are to be granted doctrine.\r\n3.\r\nTh e compensable practices of acknowledgment customers.\r\n4.\r\nThe vigoir of the sellers, accruement policies and\r\npractice.\r\n5.\r\nThe al-Quran of impute gross revenue.\r\nGoals of Receivable Management\r\nThe sanctioned goal of de nonation management is to maximise the value of the firm by achieving a swop off between the runniness (risk and lootability). The purpose of assurance management is not to maximize gross revenue, nor to minimize the risk of uncollectible debt. If the objective were to maximize gross revenue, then the firm would sell on assent to all. On the contrary, if minimisation of gloomy debt risk were the learn, then the firm would not sell on identification to eitherone. In fact, the firm should manage its quotation in such a way that gross revenue are expanded to an purpose to which risk remains within an acceptable limit.\r\n consequently to achieve the goal of maximizing the value, the firm should manage its trade conviction. The e fficient and military forceive citation management does help to expand gross revenue and provide rebel to be an effective in like mannerl of marketing. It helps to retain old customers and win newcustomers. Well administrated computer address means lucrative conviction accounts. The objectives of receivable management is to promote sales and kales until that point is r from each oneed where the 158\r\nreturn on investment is further funding of receivables is less than the monetary value of monetary resource raised to finance that additional confidence. Granting of recognise and its management involve approach. To maximize the value of the firm, these monetary values must(prenominal) be incorporateled. These thus include the credit government expanses, b/d losses and hazard exists of the funds tied up in receivable. The aim of credit management should be to regulate and conquer these apostrophizes, not to eliminate them altogether. The approach can be reduced to zero, if no credit is granted. lone whatever(prenominal) if the profit foregone on the judge volume of sales arising due to the\r\nextension of credit.\r\nDebtors involve funds, which have an opportunity address.\r\n therefore, the investment in receivables or debtors should be optimized. Extending liberal credit stires sales and thus pass ons in high profitability but the change magnitude investment in debtors results in increasing cost. and so a trade off should be sought between cost and benefits to bring investment in debtors at an optimum level. Of course the level of debtors, to a great uttermost is influenced by outer components such as persistence norms, level of business activity, seasonal worker factors and the degree of completion. But there are a lot of inner(a) factors include credit harm, standards, limits and hookup procedures. The internal factors should be well administered to optimize the investment in debtors.\r\n159\r\n assent Management\r\nIn drift that the credit sales are praiseworthyly managed it is\r\nnecessary to determine take placeing factors:\r\n1.\r\n opinion insurance\r\n2.\r\n reference Evaluation of individualist Buyers\r\n3.\r\n ascribe Sanction Decisions\r\n4.\r\nControl and Monitoring of Receivables\r\n credit rating constitution\r\nThe commen cementum stage of credit sales is to determine form _or_ system of government in which most authorized variable is whether credit sales should be make or not and if yes to what extent i.e. what region of sales should be done on cash and what section on credit. The discussion with cement companies marketing and financé section cl primordial suggest that the credit policy is to a greater extent subject upon market forces and less on go with specially in heads when there is excessive opposition which has happened a upshot of times in the biography of cement perseverance after decontrol and manufactures have been forced to provide credit if they wa nted full utilization of capacity. If in the market there is practice of providing credit, those companies who do not fall in cablegram have trim down sales and so unhopefuler utilization of instilled capacity. The management has to weigh whether it should avoid risk of realization and business of arranging funds for big sales on credit or decide for reduced capacity utilization thereby resulting in higher(prenominal) cost per tonne of cement produced.\r\nclx\r\nActually the policy should be establish on cost benefit abstract of these factors but oft policy is decided without detailed calculations. In material practice when one waits to push sales the marketing department pressurizes the management to provide liberal credit to buyers to realize sales targets.\r\n assurance Rating\r\nThe morsel virtual point of credit policy is to whom to\r\n cause credit and whom it should be denied. Whether it should\r\nbe given to everyone or on selective basis? As per standards one can utilization\r\nimpact of credit sales on lettuce by undermentioned formulae:\r\n∆P = ∆S (1-V) †K * ∆I †B, ∆S\r\nin the higher up formula\r\n∆P = Change in profit\r\n∆S = Change in sales\r\nV = Ratio of variable cost to sales\r\nK = comprise of capital i.e. interest cost of credit\r\n∆I = Increase in receivables investment\r\nB = Bad debts balance on additional sales\r\nThe change in profits (∆P) is pendant upon proportion of\r\nvariable cost and fixed cost and change in sales. The figure is worked out by deducting variable cost from sales i.e. sales disconfirming variable cost is change in profits.\r\nThe preceding(prenominal) formula appears to be very simple but for policy purposes it requires that policy reach outr should be able to estimate precisely the impact of credit on sales value, the variable cost and defective debts anyhow the cost of capital. In practice besides the cost of capital, it is very diffi cult to measure extent of attach in sales as a result of credit and it is only broad estimate of sales department. Similarly, it is very difficult if not impossible to workout likely bad debts. The variable cost can be worked out with great precision if fitting costing system is maintained. Because of difficulties in quantifying various variables in the formulae often credit policy is decided without operative flesh out on prevailing market conditions and the need of the companionship to push sales at a point of time. It has been by various companies that no details are worked.\r\nCredit Period\r\nThe credit decimal point is the time distance for which seller\r\nagrees to provide credit to the buyers. It varies according to the practice of trade and varies between 15 to 60 days. In some cases for an early payment pre-agreed tax write-off is given to induce buyer take up an early payment. For late payment in the understanding there is provision for interest payment by buyer . If credit is given for longstanding expiration it induces to push up sales but this is true only when one provides longer period credit than competitors. The customer-distributor, dealer, consumers is\r\nattracted to a firm who provides longer period credit. The\r\nimpact of credit on profits and sales can be worked out from the spare-time activity formula:\r\n∆P= ∆S (1-V)*K*∆1-b, ∆S\r\nThe various components are as under :\r\n162\r\n∆ P= Change in profit\r\n∆ S= Change in sales\r\n∆ 1= Change in investments receivables\r\nV= Ratio of variable cost to sales\r\nK= live of vainglorious credit\r\nb= bad debits ratio to change magnitude credit\r\nThe discussion with the attention suggests that they\r\nrarely take decision on period of credit ground on formula. It is market conditions and practices in the trade, which decides the period of credit and hardly any calculations of cost are done. In practice it is marketing department whose advice plays an important and decision making role. In the period when sales have to be pushed up more than credit is provided and there is no uniform policy overtime. During rainy season (July-Sep.) when crave is more often than not slack more liberal credit is granted than rest of the year.\r\nFurther, when stocks accumulate due to dumb sales, producers accept the terms of their customers and traders about the period of credit but when market conditions are tight, the seller becomes more strict in providing credit.\r\nOptimum Credit Policy\r\nCredit policy refers to those decision variables that\r\ninfluence the amount of trade credit i.e. the investment in\r\nreceivables. The firm’s investment in receivable are affected by general economic conditions, industry norms, pace of\r\ntechnological change, competition etc. though the firm has no control on these factors, yet they have a great impact on it and it can legitimately influence the level of trade credit through its 163\r\ncredit policy within their constraints imposed externally. The purpose of any commercial enterprise is the earning of profit. Credit itself is utilized to increase sales, but sales must return a profit. Further, whenever some external factors change, the\r\nfirm can accordingly adopt its credit policy. R.J. Chambers\r\nsays, â€Å"The responsibility to administer credit and solicitation policies whitethorn be assigned to a fiscal decision maker or marketing executive or both of them jointly depending upon the original structure and the objectives of the firm.”\r\n different types of credit policy are:\r\n1.\r\nLoose or Expansive Credit Policy†Firms following this\r\npolicy tend to sell on credit to customers very liberally. Credits are granted even to those whose credit worthiness is not\r\nproved, not known and are doubtful.\r\nAdvantages of Loose or Expansive Credit Policy:\r\n(i)\r\nIncrease in Sales (higher sales),\r\n(ii)\r\nIncrease in profit (higher profit),\r\nDisadvantages of Loose or Expansive Credit Policy:\r\n(i)\r\nHeavy bad/debts.\r\n(ii)\r\nProblem of liquidity\r\n(iii)\r\nIncrease in cost of credit management.\r\n2.\r\n mingy or Restrictive Credit Policy†Firms following this\r\npolicy are very selective in extending credit. They sell on credit, only to those customers who had proved credit worthiness.\r\nAdvantages of Tight of Restrictive Credit Policy:\r\n(i)\r\ndownplay cost.\r\n(ii)\r\nMinimize chances of bad debts.\r\n164\r\n(iii)\r\nHigher sales in long run.\r\n(iv)\r\nHigher profit in long run.\r\n(v)\r\nDo not pose the serious problem of liquidity.\r\nDisadvantages of Tight or Restrictive Credit Policy:\r\n(i)\r\nRestrict Sales.\r\n(ii)\r\nRestrict good Margin.\r\nBenefits of Credit fender:\r\n(i)\r\nIncreases the sales of the firm.\r\n(ii)\r\nMakes the credit policy liberal.\r\n(iii)\r\nIncrease the profits of the firm\r\n(iv)\r\nThe market value of the firms share would rise.\r\nCost of Credit Extensi on:\r\n(i)\r\nBad debt losses\r\n(ii)\r\n ware and selling cost.\r\n(iii)\r\nAdministrative expenses.\r\n(iv)\r\nCash discounts and opportunity cost.\r\nCost Benefit shift off Profitability\r\n one hundred sixty-five\r\nAspects of Credit Policy:\r\n(i)\r\nCredit terms\r\n(a)\r\nCredit Period\r\n(b)\r\nCash Discounts\r\n(ii)\r\nCredit Standard\r\n(iii)\r\n accretion policy or collection efforts.\r\n(i)\r\nCredit terms †The stipulations under which the\r\nfirm sells on credit to its customers are called credit terms. (a)\r\nCredit Period †The time distance for which credit is\r\nextended to the customers is referred to as credit period. It is the length of time for customers under which they are allowed to pay for their purchases. It is generally varies between 15-60 days. When a firm does not extend any credit the credit period would obviously be zero. It is generally stated in terms of a net date, for example, if firm allows 30 days of credit with no\r\ndiscount to ind uce early payments credit then its credit terms are stated at ‘net 30’. usually the credit period of the firm is governed by industry norms, but firms can extend credit for longer duration to stimulate sales. If the firm’s bad debts build up, it whitethorn tighten up its credit policy as against the industry norms.\r\nAccording to Martin H. Seidhen, â€Å"Credit period is the duration of time for which trade credit is extended. During this period the overdue amount must be paid by the customer. The length of credit period directly affects the volume of investment in receivables and indirectly the net worth of the company. A long credit period may blast sales but it also\r\n166\r\nincrease investment in receivables and lowers the choice of trade credit.”\r\n(b)\r\nCash Discounts †It is the an different aspect of credit terms.\r\nMany firms offer to grant cash discount to their customers in order to induce them to pay their measurement early. The c ash discount terms indicate the rate of discount and the period for which discount has been offered. If a customer does not avail this offer, he is evaluate to make the payment by the net date. In the talking to of Martin H. Seiden â€Å"Cash Discount prevents\r\ndebtors from victimization trade credit as a source of Working\r\nCapital.”\r\nLiberalizing the cash discount policy may mean that the\r\ndiscount percentage is change magnitude and or the discount period is lengthened. Such an action tends to enhance sales (because the discount is regarded as price reduction), reduce the number collection period (as customers pay promptly). Cash Discount is a premium on payment of debts before due date and not a\r\ncompensation for the so †called prompt payment.\r\n(iii)\r\nCredit Standard †The credit standard followed by the firm has an impact of sales and receivables. The sales and receivables level are likely to be high, if the credit standard of the firm are con genatorly low. In contrast, if the firm has relatively low credit standard, the sales and receivables level are expected to be relatively high. The firms credit standard are influenced by troika â€Å"C” of credit. (a) purpose †the willingness of the customers to pay, (b) Capacity †the ability of the customers to pay, and (c) motive †the prevailing economic conditions.\r\nNormally a firm should lower its credit standards to the extent profitability of increased sales exceed the associated costs. The cost arising due to credit standard realization are administrative cost of supervising additional accounts and servicing increased volume of receivables, bad debt losses, production and selling cost and cost resulting from the vagueer middling collection period.\r\nThe extent to which credit standard can be liberalized should depend upon the duplicate between the profits arising due to increased sales and cost to be incurred on the increased sales.\r\n(iii) accumulation policy- This policy is needed because all customers do not pay the firm’s bill in time. There are certain customers who are slow payers and some are non-payers.\r\nTherefore the collection policy should aim at accele order collections from slow payers and non-payers and reducing bad debt losses. According to R.K. Mishra, â€Å"A collection policy should incessantly systematization emphasize in promptness, collection efforts.\r\nIt mode will and have a psychological effect upon the customers, in that, it will make them realize the stead of the seller towards the obligations granted.”\r\nThe collection programme of the firm aimed at timely collection of receivables, any consist of many a(prenominal) things like monitoring the state of receivable, despatch of letter to customers whose due date is approaching, telegraphic and telephone advice to customers roughly the due date, threat of legal action to overdue accounts, legal action against overdue acco unts.\r\nThe firm has to be very cautious in taking the stairs in order to collect from the slow paying customers. If the firm is strict in its collection policy with the steadfast customers, who are temporarily slow payers due to their economic conditions, they will get offended and may shift to competitors and the firm may loose its permanent business. In following an optimal collection policy the firm should compare the cost and benefits. The optimal credit policy will maximize the profit and will consistent with the objective of maximizing the value of the firm.\r\nCredit Evaluation\r\nBefore granting credit to a prospective customers the financial executive must judge, how credi dickensrthy is the customer. In judging the creditworthiness of a customer, often financial executive keep in mind as basic criteria the four (i) Capital â€refers to the financial resources of a company as indicated primarily by the financial report of the firm. (ii) Capacity †refers to the ab ility of the customers to pay on time. (iii) Character †refers to the reputation of the customer for honest and fair dealings. (iv) corroboratory †represents the security offered by the customer in the form of mortgages.\r\nCredit evaluation involves a large number of activities ranging from credit investigation to contact with customers, appraisal review, follow up, inspection and recovery. These activities required decision-making skills which can partly be developed through experience but partly it has to be learned externally. This is particularly true in area of pre-credit appraisal and post-credit follow up.\r\nIt is an important element of credit management. It helps in establishing credit terms. In assessing credit risk, two types of error occur †(i) A good customer is misclassified as a poor credit risk. (ii) A bad customer is misclassified as a good credit risk.\r\nBoth the errors are costly. typecast (i) leads to loss of profit on sales to good customer who are denied credit. Type (ii) leads in bad debt losses on credit sales made to risky customer. While misclassification errors cannot be eliminated wholly, a firm can mitigate their occurrence by doing proper credit\r\nevaluation.\r\nThree broad approaches use for credit evaluation are:\r\nA.\r\n conventional Credit psycho outline †This approach to credit analysis calls for assuming a prospective customer in terms of 5 of credit: (i) Character, (ii) Capacity, (iii) Capital, (iv) Collateral, and (v) Conditions.\r\nTo get the selective information on the 5 firm may rely on the\r\nfollowing.\r\n1.\r\nfiscal statements\r\n2.\r\nBank references\r\n170\r\n3.\r\n4.\r\nCredit agencies\r\n5.\r\nExperience of the firm\r\n6.\r\nB.\r\nTrade references\r\nPrices and yields on securities\r\nSequential Credit outline †This method is more\r\nefficient method than higher up method. In this analysis,\r\ninvestigation is carried further if the benefits of such analysis outweighs its cost.\r\nC.\r\nNumerical Credit Scoring †This system involves the\r\nfollowing steps.\r\n1.\r\nIdentifying factors relevant for credit evaluation.\r\n2.\r\nAssign weights to these factors that reflect their relative\r\nimportance.\r\n3.\r\nRate the customer on various factors, using a suitable\r\n paygrade scale (usually a 5 pt. subdue or a 7pt. Scale is utilize).\r\n4.\r\nFor each factor, multiply the factor rating with the factor\r\nweight to get the factor malt whisky.\r\n5.\r\nAdd all the factors score to get the overall customer\r\nrating magnate.\r\n6.\r\nBased on the rating index, classify the rating index.\r\nD. Discriminant Analysis †The credit index described above is somewhat ad hoc in nature and is based on weight which are\r\nsubjective in nature. The nature of discriminate analysis may be employed to construct a better risk index.\r\nUnder this analysis the customers are divided into two\r\ncategories:\r\n1.\r\nwho pay the dues (X)\r\n171\r\n2.\r\nwho ha ve defaulted (O)\r\nThe straight line seems to decompose the x’s from o’s, not completely but does a fairly good stage business of segregating the two groups.\r\nThe equation of this straight line is\r\nZ = 1 Current Ratio + 0.1 return on equity\r\nA customer with a Z score less than 3 is deemed credit\r\nworthy and a customer with a Z score less than 3 is considered not credit worthy i.e. the higher the Z score the stronger the credit rating.\r\n(V)\r\n fortune Classification Scheme †On the basis of information\r\nand analysis in the credit investigation process, customers may be classified into various risk categories.\r\n run a risk Categories\r\nDescription\r\n1. nodes with no risk of default\r\n2. node with negligible risk of default\r\n(< 2%)\r\n3. node with less risk of default\r\n(2% to 5%)\r\n4. guest with some risk of default\r\n(5% to 10%)\r\n5. customer with significant risk of default\r\n(> 10%)\r\nCredit Granting Decision †After ass essing the credit\r\nworthiness of a customer, next step is to take credit granting decision.\r\nThere are two possibilities:\r\n(i)\r\nNo repetition of order.\r\nProfit = P (Rev-Cost) †(1-P) Cost\r\n172\r\nWhere P is the chance that the customer pays his\r\ndues, (1-P) is the probability that the customer defaults,\r\nRev is revenue for sale and cost is the cost of goods sold.\r\nThe expected profit for the fend credit is O. Obviously,\r\nif the expected profit of the course of action offer credit is positive, it is desirable to extend credit otherwise not.\r\nCustomer pays (Rev-cost)\r\nOffer credit\r\nCustomer default (1-P)\r\nRefuse credit\r\n(ii)\r\nRepeat wander †In this case, this would only be accepted\r\nonly if the customer does not default on the first order. Under this, once the customer pays for the first order, the probability that he would default on the second order is less than the\r\nprobability of his defaulting on the first order. The expected profi t of offering credit in this case.\r\n pass judgment profit on initial order + opportunity of payment\r\nand repeat order x expected profit on repeat order.\r\n[P1 (Rev1 †Cost1)-(1-P1) Cost1] + P1 x [P2(Rev2-Cost2)-(1P2) Cost2] The optimal credit policy, and hence the optimal level of\r\naccounts receivable, depends upon the firm’s own unique\r\n in operation(p) conditions. Thus a firm with excess capacity and low variable production cost should extend credit more liberally and carry a higher level of accounts receivable than a firm\r\noperating a full capacity on a slim profit margin. When a sale is made, the following events occur:\r\n173\r\n(1)\r\nInventories are reduced by the cost of goods sold.\r\n(2)\r\nAccounts receivable are increased by the sales price, and\r\n(3)\r\nThe differences is recorded as a profit. If the sale is for\r\ncash.\r\n in the main two methods have been commonly suggested\r\nfor monitoring accounts receivable.\r\n(1)\r\nTraditional glide p ath\r\n(a)\r\n(b)\r\n(2)\r\n reasonable collection period\r\n maturement Schedule\r\n army\r\nMargin\r\napproach\r\nor\r\nPayment\r\nPattern\r\nApproach\r\n(a)\r\n add up Collection Period (AC): It is also called Day\r\nSales gravid (DSOI) at a given time ‘t’ may define as the ratio of receivable dandy at that time to average day by day sales figure.\r\nACP =\r\nAccounts receivable at time â€Å"t”\r\nAverage daily sales\r\nAccording to this method accounts receivable are\r\ndeemed to be in control if the ACP is equal to or less than a certain norm. If the value of ACP exceed the specified norm, collections are considered to be slow.\r\nIf the company had made cash sales as well as credit\r\nsales, we would have heavy on credit sales only, and\r\ncalculate average daily credit sales.\r\nThe widely apply index of the efficiency of credit and\r\ncollections is the collection period of number of days sales\r\n174\r\noutstanding in receivable. The receivable d isorder is simply ACP/360 days.\r\nThus if receivable disturbance is six times a year, the\r\ncollection period is necessarily 60 days.\r\n(b)\r\nAging Schedule †An agedness memorial breaks down a\r\nfirm’s receivable by age of account. The purpose of classifying receivables by age group is to gain a encompassing(prenominal) control over the quality of individual accounts. It requires difference back to the receivables’ ledger where the dates of each customer’s\r\npurchases and payments are available.\r\nTo evaluate the receivable for control purpose, it may be\r\nconsidered desirable to compare this information with precedent age classification in that very firm and also to compare this information with the experience of other firms of same nature. Financial executives get such catalogue get tod at periodic\r\nintervals for control purpose.\r\nSo we can say Aging Schedule classifies outstanding\r\naccounts receivable at a given point of time into d ifferent age brackers. The actual age schedule of the firm is compared\r\nwith some standard ripening schedule to determine whether\r\naccounts receivable are in control. A problem is indicated if the actual maturement schedule sights a greater proportion of receivable, compared with the standard aging schedule, in the higher age group.\r\nAn inter firm comparison of aging schedule of debtors is\r\npossible provided entropy relating to calendar periodical sales and collection experience of\r\n private-enterprise(a) firm are available. This spear,\r\n175\r\ntherefore, cannot be used by an external analyst who has got no approach to the details of receivable.\r\nThe above both approaches have some deficiencies. Both\r\nmethods are influenced by pattern of sales and payment\r\nbehaviour of customer. The aging schedule is distorted when\r\nthe payment relating to sales in any month is unusual, even\r\nthough payment relating to sales in other months are normal. II.\r\nPayment Pattern Approach †This pattern is developed to\r\nmeasure any changes that susceptibility be occurring in customer’s\r\npayment behaviour.\r\nIt is defined in terms of proportion or percentage. For\r\nanalyzing the payment pattern of several months, it is\r\nnecessary to prepare a conversion matrix which shows the\r\ncredit sales in each month and the pattern of collection\r\nassociated with it.\r\nThe payment pattern approach is not dependent on sales\r\nlevel. It focuses on the key issue, the payment behaviour. It enables one to analyze month by month pattern as against the combined sales and payment patterns.\r\nFrom the collection pattern, one can judge whether the\r\ncollection is improving, stable, or deteriorating. A secondary analysis is that it provides a historical record of collection percentage that can be useful in projecting periodical receipts for each budgeting period.\r\nControl of Accounts Receivable\r\n rough of the important techniques for controlli ng\r\naccounts receivable are ratio analysis, discriminate analysis, 176\r\ndecision tree approach, and electronic selective information processing.\r\nInformation system with regard to receivables disorder, age of each account,\r\nprogress of collection size of bad debt losses, and number of delinquent accounts is also used as one of the\r\ncontrol measures.\r\nRatio analysis is widely used in the control of accounts\r\nreceivable. Some of the important ratios used for this purpose are discussed below:\r\n(1)\r\nAverage collection Period (Receivables x 365/yearly\r\nCredit Sales):\r\nThe average collection period indicates the average time\r\nit takes to transform receivables into cash. Too low an average collection period may reflect an excessively restrictive credit policy and suggest the need for relaxing credit standards for an acceptable account. On the other hand too high an average\r\ncollection period may indicate an excessively liberal credit policy leading to a large n umber of receivables macrocosm past due and some being not collectable.\r\n(2)\r\nReceivables\r\nTurnover\r\nSales/Receivables):\r\n(Annual\r\nCredit\r\nThis ratio also indicates the slowness of receivables. Both\r\nthe average collection period ratio and receivables ratio must be analyzed in social intercourse to the billing terms given on the sales. If the turnover rates are not satisfactory when compared with\r\nprior experience, average industry turnover and turnover\r\nratios of comparable companies in the same industry, an\r\nanalysis should be made to determine whether there is any\r\n177\r\nlaxity in the credit policy or whether the problem is in\r\ncollection policy.\r\n(3)\r\nReceivables to Sales (Receivables/Annual Credit Sales x\r\n100)\r\nReceivables can be expected to fluctuate in direct relation\r\nto the volume of sales, provided that sales terms and collection practices do not change. The tendency towards more lenient\r\ncredit extension as would be suggested by rest of\r\ncollections and increase in the number of slow paying accounts needs to be detected by carefully watching the relationship of receivables to sales. When credit sales figures for a period are not available, total sales figures may be used. The receivables figures in the calculation usually represent year-end\r\nreceivables. In the case of firms with seasonal sales, year-end receivables figures may be deceptive. Therefore, an average of the monthly closing balances figures may be more reliable.\r\n(4)\r\nReceivables as percentage of Current\r\n(Receivables/Total Current Assets Investment)\r\nAssets\r\nThe ratio explains the amount of receivables per rupee of\r\ncurrent asset investment and its size in current assets.\r\nComparison of the ratio over a period offers an index of a\r\nfirm’s changing policies with regard to the level of receivables in the\r\nworking capital.\r\nSome other ratios are:\r\n1.\r\nsizing of receivable = receivable/total current assets\r\n2 .\r\nSize of debtors = debtors/total current assets\r\n178\r\n3.\r\nSize of loans and advances = loans and advances/total\r\ncurrent assets\r\nThe size of receivables of selected companies has been\r\ngiven in table 5.1\r\nTable 5.1\r\nSize of Receivables of the makeed cementum Companies\r\nfor the old age from 2003-04 to 2007-08\r\n yr\r\nACC\r\nMangalam Gujarat\r\nAmbuja\r\n0.52\r\n0.35\r\n0.43\r\n0.35\r\n0.46\r\n0.52\r\n0.43\r\n0.54\r\n0.38\r\n0.54\r\n0.44\r\n0.46\r\nShree\r\ncementum\r\n0.58\r\n0.55\r\n0.63\r\n0.61\r\n0.66\r\n0.61\r\nIndia\r\n cement\r\n0.54\r\n0.72\r\n0.79\r\n0.84\r\n0.87\r\n0.75\r\nIndustry\r\nAverage\r\n0.53\r\n0.53\r\n0.61\r\n0.61\r\n0.62\r\n0.58\r\n2003-04\r\n0.68\r\n2004-05\r\n0.61\r\n2005-06\r\n0.67\r\n2006-07\r\n0.64\r\n2007-08\r\n0.62\r\n political party 0.64\r\nAverage\r\n germ: Based on selective information provided annual spread overs of the cement companies.\r\nThe size of receivable of all the cement companies shows move crusade throughout the field of honor period except Gujarat Ambuja, and Shree. Both the companies show increasing slue. The minimum size of receivable in ACC is 0.61 (2004-05), Mangalam is 0.38 (2007-08), Gujarat Amubja is 0.35 (2003-04\r\nand 2004-05), Shree cement is 0.55 (2004-05) and in India cement is 0.54 (2003-04). The maximal size of receivable in ACC is 0.66 (2003-04), Mangalam is 0.52 (2003-04), Gujarat\r\nAmbuja is 0.54 (2007-08), and Shree cement is 0.66 (2007-08) and in India cement is 0.87 (2007-08). The subject field of the composition of receivables is a very important tool to evaluate the management of receivables. It assists to show the point where receivables are concentrated most.\r\nThe size of sundry debtors in cement manufacturing companies in India has been computed and presented in the\r\ntable 5.2.\r\nTable 5.2\r\nSize of Sundry Debtors of the Selected Cement Companies for the old age from 2003-04 to 2007-08\r\nShree\r\nCement\r\n0.22\r\nIndia\r\nCement\r\n0.11\r\nI ndustry\r\n0.21\r\nMangalam Gujarat\r\nAmbuja\r\n0.34\r\n0.05\r\n2004-05\r\n0.29\r\n0.32\r\n0.05\r\n0.33\r\n0.08\r\n0.22\r\n2005-06\r\n0.32\r\n0.34\r\n0.07\r\n0.32\r\n0.11\r\n0.23\r\n2006-07\r\n0.28\r\n0.31\r\n0.08\r\n0.27\r\n0.14\r\n0.22\r\n2007-08\r\n0.27\r\n0.21\r\n0.09\r\n0.26\r\n0.12\r\n0.19\r\n friendship 0.28\r\n0.30\r\n0.07\r\n0.28\r\n0.11\r\n0.21\r\nYear\r\nACC\r\n2003-04\r\n0.19\r\nAverage\r\n rootage: Based on data based on Annual Report of Cement companionship\r\nIt is ostensible from the table 5.2 that the size of sundry debtors in ACC, India Cement, Mangalam and Shree show\r\n move trend throughout the take period. contribution to current assets was highest to 0.32 in ACC in 2005-06 and highest 0.33 in Shree in 2004-05. Gujarat Ambuja shows increasing trend throughout the study period. The percentage of sundry debtors to current assets where reduced shows that in those eld the speed of increase in current assets was much more than that of the sundry debtors. The s ize of receivable of all the cement companies shows fluctuating trend throughout the study period except Gujarat Amubja.\r\nThe minimum size of receivable in ACC is 0.21 (2003-04), Mangalam is 0.21 (2007-08), Gujarat Ambuja is 0.05 (2003-04 and 2004-05), Shree cement is 0.22 (2003-04) and in India Cement is 0.08 (2004-05). The maximum size of receivable in ACC is 0.32 (2005-06), Mangalam is 0.34 (2003-04 and 2005-06), Gujarat Ambuja is 0.09 (2007-08), and Shree Cement is 0.33 (2004-05) and in India\r\nCement is 0.14 (2006-07).\r\nThe average collection period of selected cement companies has been given in table 5.3\r\nTable 5.3\r\nAverage Collection Period in Selected Cement Companies\r\nfor the years from 2003-04 to 2007-08\r\n(in days)\r\nYear\r\nACC\r\nMangalam\r\nGujarat Ambuja\r\nShree\r\n1999-00\r\n34\r\n36\r\n7\r\n46\r\nIndia\r\nCement\r\n18\r\n2000-01\r\n43\r\n36\r\n7\r\n47\r\n20\r\n2001-02\r\n43\r\n33\r\n8\r\n49\r\n22\r\n2002-03\r\n41\r\n27\r\n10\r\n48\r\n37\r\n2003-04\r\n 26\r\n28\r\n10\r\n37\r\n47\r\nCompany\r\n39\r\n32\r\n8\r\n45\r\n29\r\nAverage\r\nSource: Based on data provided in appendage\r\nThe minimum Average Collection Period in ACC is 34\r\n(2003-04), Mangalam is 27 (2006-07), Gujarat Ambuja is 7 (200304 and 2004-05), Shree Cement is 37 (2007-08) and in India Cement is 18 (2003-04). The maximum Average Collection\r\nPeriod in ACC is 43 (2004-05 and 2005-06), Mangalam is 36\r\n(2003-04 and 2004-05), Gujarat Ambuja is 10 (2006-07) and 2007-08), and Shree Cement is 49 (2005-06) and in India Cement is 47 (2007-08).\r\n181\r\nThe Creditor turnover of selected cement companies has\r\nbeen given in the table 5.4.\r\nTable 5.4\r\nCreditor turnover of Selected Cement Companies\r\nor the years from 2003-04 to 2007-08\r\nShree\r\n11.10\r\nMangalam Gujarat\r\nAmbuja\r\n8.77\r\n1.12\r\n1.63\r\nIndia\r\nCement\r\n1.40\r\nIndustry\r\nAverage\r\n4.80\r\n2004-05\r\n12.60\r\n6.98\r\n0.71\r\n1.15\r\n1.38\r\n4.56\r\n2005-06\r\n12.93\r\n5.80\r\n0.63\r\n1.41\r \n1.09\r\n4.37\r\n2006-07\r\n12.19\r\n5.48\r\n0.95\r\n1.93\r\n0.97\r\n4.30\r\n2007-08\r\n13.42\r\n3.71\r\n0.73\r\n1.58\r\n0.90\r\n4.07\r\nCompany 12.45\r\n6.15\r\n0.83\r\n1.54\r\n1.15\r\n4.42\r\nYear\r\nACC\r\n2003-04\r\nAverage\r\nSource: Based on data based on Annual Report of the cement companies\r\nIt is evident from the table 5.4 that Creditor turnover in\r\nACC and Gujarat Ambuja and Shree fluctuating trend.\r\nMangalam and India Cement show decreasing trend all over the study period. The minimum Creditor turnover in ACC is\r\n1.10 (2003-04), Mangalam is 3.71 (2007-08), Gujarat Ambuja is 0.62 (2005-06), Shree Cement is 1.15 (2004-05) and in India\r\nCement is 0.90 (2007-08). The maximum Creditor turnover in\r\nACC is 13.42 (2007-08), Mangalam is 8.77 (2003-04), Gujarat\r\nAmbuja is 1.12 (2003-04), and Shree Cement is 1.93 (2006-07) and in India Cement is 1.40 (2003-04).\r\nThe debtors turnover in cement manufacturing companies in India has been computed and presented in thetab le 5.5.\r\n182\r\nTable 5.5\r\nSize of Receivable of Selected Cement Companies for the years from 2003-04 to 2007-08\r\nYear\r\nACC\r\n10.65\r\nMangalam Gujarat\r\nAmbuja\r\n10.21\r\n50.26\r\n2003-04\r\n2004-05\r\n8.58\r\n10.21\r\n2005-06\r\n8.45\r\n2006-07\r\n2007-08\r\nShree\r\n7.90\r\nIndia\r\nCement\r\n20.45\r\nIndustry\r\nAverage\r\n19.89\r\n52.07\r\n7.78\r\n17.85\r\n19.30\r\n11.19\r\n44,17\r\n7.47\r\n16.66\r\n17.59\r\n8.95\r\n13.64\r\n36.79\r\n7.67\r\n9.92\r\n15.39\r\n10.20\r\n13.06\r\n37.41\r\n9.94\r\n7.73\r\n15.67\r\nCompany 9.37\r\n11.66\r\n44.14\r\n8.15\r\n14.52\r\n17.57\r\nAverage\r\nSource: Based on data based on Annual Report of the Cement Companies\r\nIt is evident from the table 5.5 that the debtors turnover\r\nin ACC is fluctuating maintains approximately a fixed level. Mangalam and Gujarat Ambuja show fluctuating trend throughout the study period. Debtors turnover was highest to 13.64 in Mangalam and 9.94 in Shree in 2006-07 and 2007-08 respectively. India Cement s hows decreasing trend throughout the study period. The minimum debtors turnover in ACC is 8.45 (2005-06), Mangalam is 10.21 (2003-04 and 2004-05), Gujarat Ambuja is 36,79 (2002-03), Shree Cement is 7.47 (200506) and in India Cement is 7.73 (2007-08).\r\nThe maximum\r\ndebtors turnover in ACC is 10.65 (2003-04), Mangalam is 13.64 (2006-07), Gujarat Ambuja is 52.07 (2004-05), and Shree Cement is 9.94 (2007-08) and in India Cement is 20-45 (2003-04).\r\n183\r\nSelect References:\r\nO.M. Introduction to Financial Management (Homewood illnois: Richard D. Irwin, 1978).\r\nLawerence D. Schal and Charles W. Haley, Financial\r\nManagement, 3rd Edition. New York, McGraw Hill, 1973).\r\nS.E Bolten, Managerial pay, (Boston: Houghton Mitten Co., 1976).\r\nR.J. Chambers, Financial Management, (Sydney: GTE Law throw\r\nCompany Ltd,. 1967).\r\nJoseph L. Wood, ‘Credit and Collections’ in Daris Lillian, ed., Business Finance Handbook, (Englewood, Cliffs, New Jersey :\r\nPrentice Hall, 1962.\r\nMartin H. Seiden, The Quality of Trade Credit (New York :\r\nNational Bureau of Economic Research, 1964.\r\nTheodore N. Backman, Credit and Collection: Management and\r\nTheory (New York : McGraw Hill record book Company, 1962).\r\n184\r\n'

'Doungy by James Moloney Essay\r'

'On the exterior it seems that Dougy, the book, is all ab bulge out racism. in time when you delve further into Dougy, many opposite iron standardized messages come across. Some that stand out argon finding yourself, appreciating what we experience and, most strongly, having an open mind.\r\nAt the stolon Dougy, the boy, is timid, unsure of his life and seems to be in everyone’s shadow. Whilst existence trapped in the dormitory room with the floodwaters rising- Dougy comes out of his shell and comes to the rescue. His brave efforts probably render the lives of Gracey and Raymond. These events bring out the beat out in Dougy and he gains confidence in being able to strive his dreams. He did, indeed, find himself and this made him, â€Å"bloody lucky.”\r\nDo you take things for granted? Dougy showed us that on that picture be so many commonwealth out on that point, to who a bracing car sparks a cry of delight. besides do we even blink an eyelid, when we s ee a new Commodore drive past? Oh no, it’s simply anformer(a) car. These lifeings gain’t just fall in to cars, too- merely too everything. We very pick out to jimmy what we submit, not be greedy and just be happy with what we have- so many others arn’t as fortunate as you or me. This message comes out cl early on, especially when the family goes to Brisbane.\r\nA lot of pain in the ass brews in Dougy from not having an open mind and accepting the opinions and views of others. As you evidence the book, you sacrifice besides see the turn that others stub have on our pure toneings. Pay assist to the changed attitudes of the children to Gracey, after their p arnts have lectureed to them.\r\n pile Moloney puts very divers(prenominal) personalities into his characters and shows us the several(predicate) types of populate in this world. there ar the understanding mass, who depart listen to some(prenominal) sides of an argument and follow th eir hearts and minds- shown by Brett. so there ar the obstinate people, who’s views give never change and they will keep on hurting people- shown by Cooper and Co. There are the people who really be restve in themselves and win’t allow other people become to them- shown by Gracey. There are those who turn in’t boot what others think and can be gentle of scary- like Dougy’s Mum. And whence there are those people who drive something to wake them up to their lives and give them a little push; to realise their authorization and to work towards their dreams- this is just like Dougy.\r\nJames Moloney gives us so much to think active in such a little book. Dougy will give you plenty to think intimately, but you need to read between the lines to grasp all the hidden messages. James gives us a lot to think virtually and reading Dougy should really make you think about your life.\r\nChapter 3\r\nSummary-\r\n· Family travels to Brisbane by train (p retty boring!)\r\n· Dougy is touched(p) by a business line of sunflowers\r\n· Pulling into Brisbane was really exciting for them (like the new Commodore)\r\n· They were the only sour people in the crowd\r\n· They feel very different and they stand out\r\n· Meet very discriminatory literary hack driver who thinks they don’t have the money to pay him\r\n· They are surprised that a black person owns the hotel because in their townspeople there are only light bosses\r\n· Gracey has first points of life session, but Raymond doesn’t extremity to go- instead he, Steve (guy from hotel) and Dougy go to see something Raymond really wants to see\r\n· Steve takes them to Lang Park- the home of submit Origin games\r\n· The guard doesn’t want to permit them in at first, but when he realizes they’re from the country and harmless- he relents and lets them imagine around\r\n· macrocosm there means a lot to Raymond\r\n· Raymond put forwards he will play there one twenty-four hours and Dougy doesn’t laugh unlike the other guys\r\n· other guard comes along, makes them leave, says they’ll probably steal something and he isn’t tight-laced to them\r\n· Dougy isn’t sure what he wants to do in life, but he is scared of worthy like his daddy (just wandering around with no home)\r\nCommentary-\r\nThe author, using something simple and part of Mother Nature- the field of sunflowers, shows that Dougy’s family live in a authority out town. It also seems like a telephone small town. Dougy also probably hasn’t been anyplace else because he says, â€Å"I think, whitethornbe, there are hundreds of other fantastic things in the rest of the world that I’ll never know about.” This point is also shown by how excited they are when the train pulls into Brisbane.\r\nThe author shows that things are different in towns and cities (well they were at the time). Peo ple in the country aren’t really educated about what life is like in the city. This is shown by Dougy’s uncomfortableness with being the only blacks in the crowd. He thought that it would be just like at home- equal numbers of blacks and ovalbumins in the streets. Being nescient is also shown by the comment that Dougy makes that Steve couldn’t be the manager of the hotel because in their town only white people are own businesses. Dougy and his family thought things would be the equivalent in Brisbane and on some matters, they were caught unawares.\r\nChapter 3 also shows that in a small town people have to stick together no matter what their skin colour- there may be prejudice, but it has to be overcome to get things done. In the city prejudice can be rampant(ip) (more of it), without that much of an effect.\r\nJames Moloney shows that many people boss once against Aborigines. They may hear bad stories about them or have one bad experience and then they thi nk that every single Aborigine is the same. It hurts people’s feelings when you stereotype like that- for example the taxi driver thought Dougy and his family wouldn’t pay, just because others hadn’t paid him. (Another example of this is saying that all blondes are dumb.)\r\nThe scene at Lang Park shows that the littlest things mean a great deal to some people and can really inspire them. Just being at Lang Park and touching the grass inspires Raymond to say that he would play there one day and Dougy knew he wasn’t joking.\r\nThe very end of chapter 3 shows that if we don’t believe in for each one other and ourselves- we won’t have the courage or the confidence to do after our dreams.\r\nChapter 7\r\nSummary-\r\nA number of things happen in chapter 7. It has been decided that Gracey will go to inform in Brisbane. It is the summer holidays, it’s hot and the town is expecting a storm. genus Melissa Brodie is tolerate in town (to stay ) and has make up a new pastime, in the form of motorbike riding. Melissa’s Dad has warned all the young blokes not to let Melissa borrow their bikes- or else! However Melissa continues to ride- she borrows particular’s bike in secret. twain weeks before Gracey was to leave for Brisbane, her Mum decides they should celebrate- with the whole town.\r\nShe sets of the enlist the hall across the road, which happens to be a handsome no-no for blacks. The owner of the hall, Mrs England, tight dies when Gracey’s Mum goes to admit it. Unable to stop her, however, she gives in and the hall is hired. retardation a storm starts brewing up coupling and the whole town starts preparing for a flood. This is what they were doing when Melissa Brodie is found unconscious in the sandhills. Not knowing the enough story, people start to blame Johnny rabbit warren and trouble brews!\r\nCommentary-\r\nThe beginning of the chapter shows the different attitudes towards the wea ther and crops, of the people. The white people are constantly worrying that there’ll be no rain, whereas the black people don’t worry so much- this shows that they have confidence in the land and this is they way that they are brought up- to have faith in the land.\r\nThe fact that Melissa borrows Tiny’s bike in secret (after her Dad warned all the other blokes), is really classical afterwards on in the story because this unknown fact causes misunderstandings and, really, the whole war.\r\nMelissa being able to talk her way into borrowing a bike and also ‘bad-mouthing’ the town without any consequences, show how some people’s attitudes are warped. They will listen to a good-looking and skinny girl and agree and grin, but if a fat and not so nice looking person says something they just look at him or her funny and laugh or gull them. This shown by Tiny- he said he treasured to be a mechanic and people said, â€Å" expand chance” b ecause he is fat.\r\nThe little episode in booking the hall shows that some people will never change and they don’t want to, either. However, no matter what stands in our way we need to be determined and believe in ourselves. sequence Dougy was helping fill sandbags and a guy said, â€Å"Typical, idle black bastards.” This shows again that our society is affected by stereotypes. That man didn’t notice Dougy’s black hands on the bag, however. So this shows that there may be many stereotypes out there, but they, nearly always, mean nothing. You have to get to know a person before you can really say what they are like- you can’t just look at their skin or hair colour. Chapter cardinal contains many messages for us to remember.\r\nChapter 11\r\nSummary-\r\nAt the beginning of chapter 11, Luke doesn’t feel like shooting anymore and his Dad decides to head home. Luke arrives at his grandparents’ house early Friday morning and sleeps til l his Aunt calls that his Mum is passing game home from the hospital. As his aunt talks to him, Luke begins to feel guilty for not visiting his Mum. Therefore he decides to be a good boy and care to the household duties, while his Mum rests. When Alison first wakes, Luke has to lie his way out of the room- about the shooting trip. The near Monday Luke and Alison confront each other. The communication barriers are gloomy as Luke asks about his Mum’s school life. But these are soon put again as his Mum starts to say what he should and shouldn’t do. Luke gets very upset, storms out of the house, gets on his bike and rides away.\r\nCommentary-\r\nAt the beginning of the chapter, it seems that Luke is growing up and he doesn’t want to shoot anymore. This shows that people can change, as they see the light of a situation.\r\nWhen Luke lies to his Mum, he doesn’t feel comfortable, which shows that lying isn’t a valet tendency- unless you let it become that and you make it a habit.\r\nThe point that Luke doesn’t want to hang around his friends is erratic and can show that he feels uncomfortable with being suspended. From this we can gather that it’s in us to want to do our best. When we fail ourselves, we do feel disappointed.\r\nThe funny atmosphere between Luke and his Mum is the same in many families today- parents and children aren’t very terminal due to poor communication. When they start talking its like floodwaters, but this flood of communication soon slows to a trickle, as Alison starts acting like a teacher- correspond to Luke. What he doesn’t realize is that Alison just wants what is best for him. Instead Luke runs out and may get into trouble again. This little episode shows us that talking to each other is needed for a stable family. What family members need to realize is that they can’t push their opinions coldcock people’s throats, that they need to be bonnie and willi ng to compromise. It’s also really important to look out for each other.\r\n'

'Triple Jump Phase\r'

'Mon cartroad Brooks Dr. Livingston AES 364 Muscular Analysis admission Block starts was create first created to help the suit keeper take recrudesce care of the running play surface with was made of clay or cinder. offset blocks has came a long way from being a single holes dug in the ground to the high school tech, lightweight, hardly yet expensive running precaution their now. To properly observe and describe the breakdown of the record hop- cream, dilute, and cut across somas, while determining the muscles that cause these affectments.The tercet kickoff, referred to as the hop, skip and scratch, is a track and field moment similar to the long jump. The only difference in the midst of the two is that the hop, skip, and jump involve a hop and a step, whereas the long jump involves just a jump. In the first phase of the triple jump, the rival builds nerve impulse by sprinting down the runway, planting their move innovation at the marked board, and â€Å"hopsâ € into the air, pass one thole around into phase two.After completing the cycle, the virtuoso foot strikes the ground again initiating the â€Å"skip”, where the con dependation point is brought up and the luggage compartment goes into the bounding ready. eventually as the body is coming out of the bounding position, the opposite offshoot hits the ground in order to inspire or â€Å"jump” the body forwards, aiming for distance sort of than height, into the pit. [pic] The phases In the triple jump, there are iii joints that aid in movement of the pelvic arch, the knee, and the ankle. Together the common chord joints allow optimum distance and proper stableness for the jumper.The informed, which holds the femur and pelvis, allows the jumper to extend as his foot strikes the board. While keeping the knee in inflection, he pushes off into the cycling pattern. In the skip phase, the hep pass on retain in a flexed position as the trail leg goes into e xtension. When in the jump phase, the hip allows the leg to go from an extended position, to a partial flexed position. The knee, which hold the fibula, tibia, femur, and patella, just like the hip is a very outstanding part of the triple jump process.In the initial â€Å"hop” phase, the knee extends, but quickly switches to flexion throughout the cycling pattern. During the â€Å"skip” phase the knee will remain in flexion, while extending the opposite leg. Following the second phase, the lead leg switches to the trail leg, which remains in flexion for the final â€Å"jump”. Finally, the ankle is made up of three separate joints: the talocrucal joint, inferior tibiofibular joint, and subtalar joint. These joints, just like in the kinetic chain, are where the government agency originates from.In the â€Å"hop” phase, the ankle of the lead leg will remain dorsi flexed, and the trail leg will be fairly plantar flexed, but will quickly spend up into the dorsiflexion. As the jumper enters into the â€Å"skip” phase the ankle will remain dorsiflex, while the trail leg switches to the motion. This will allow the trail leg to go dorsiflex, and the lead leg to deliver a powerful push-off into plantarflexion. [pic] The muscles and their functions in the Hop, Skip, and Jump phase.The muscles involved in the triple jump are the quads: rectus fermoris (allow hip coaxal flexion and knee oddball extension), vastus lateralis, medialis, and intermedius (helps the knee eccentric extend); the hamstring muscles: semimembranosus, semitendious, and biceps femoris (allows the jumper to extend the hip and normally pair with the help of the eccentric gluteus muscle maximus); and finally, the lower leg muscles: concentrical tibialis anterior, the concentric extensor digitorum longus (which provide the ankle with the ability to accomplish dorsiflexion), the peroneus longus, soleus, and gastrocnemius (which allow eccentric planterflexion for that last jump push-off). The main stabilizer, the gluteus medius, acts as a nominal head plane stabilizer and restricts the leg from turning in vargus or valgum, allowing the leg to plant. Conclusion An important factor in in determining the power and momentum unquestionable in the sprint start is the tap of the front leg in the set position. almost literature accepts that an burthen close to 90 degrees is the saint angle in this position. It allows the knee extensors to work outdo at the patch up time for maximum power and momentum to be flummoxed. An angle in unembellished of 90 degrees may allow a rush alongd leg induce out of the blocks but will not develop the same power and momentum. Borzov (1980) in his investigations into an optimum starting position varies a little, with a draw outed ideal front leg angle of degree centigrade degrees. Opinions on put in leg angle turn between one hundred ten degrees and 135 degrees. Tellez & Doolittle (1984) suggest an optimal angle of some 135 degrees for the git leg because it allows the lever to move more quickly and allows greater impulse from a static position.They also suggest that an early body velocity provided by the rear leg rebuff past the front leg is a better mechanical position to accelerate through a more prolonged finish of force. Conclusion An important factor in determining the power and momentum developed in the sprint start is the angle of the front leg in the set position. Most literature accepts that an angle close to 90 degrees is the ideal angle in this position. It allows the knee extensors to work best at the correct time for maximum power and momentum to be developed. An angle in excess of 90 degrees may allow a faster leg speed out of the blocks but will not develop the same power and momentum.Borzov (1980) in his investigations into an optimal starting position varies a little, with a suggested ideal front leg angle of 100 degrees. Opinions on rear leg angle var y between 110 degrees and 135 degrees. Tellez & Doolittle (1984) suggest an optimal angle of about 135 degrees for the rear leg because it allows the lever to move more quickly and allows greater impulse from a static position. They also suggest that an early body velocity provided by the rear leg drive past the front leg is a better mechanical position to accelerate through a more prolonged application of Reference: Track and Field News Presents: proficiency and Drills for the Long Jump and Triple Jump. Gary Derks. Fundamental face of the Triple Jump for Dummies By: Fritz Spence and Gerald Masterson, PH. D.\r\n'