Critical Thinking Paper Executive Compensation

Introduction In recent years, management scholars, policy makers, and mainstream media commentators have debated over the high levels of executive compensation, inquiring whether they are consistent with other important variables such as shareholder interests, firm performance, national and international economic projections, and employee pay (Gong 1; Moriarty 235).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Thinking Paper: Executive Compensation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although most advocates of the high levels of executive compensation, especially for CEOs, argue that the suitability of compensation is determined through the market process of wage negotiation rather than a simple process of introspection (Kaplan 5; Kolb 679), it is the interest of this paper to demonstrate that CEOs are grossly overpaid despite the incapacity of many to deliver long-term results for the organisation. Issue The problem is that CEOs are grossly overpaid as an incentive to deliver long-term results for the organisation, yet available literature demonstrates that the current compensation practices for CEOs in many countries globally only motivate them to maximise short-term profits at the expense of long-term benefit (Gong 2), hence the need for governments to implement regulations to limit executive compensation. Recent statistics demonstrate that â€Å"in 2006, the median total compensation of the top U.S. CEOs was $10.1 million. This is 314 times the $32,142 earned by the median full-time private industry worker in the U.S. in 2006† (Moriarty 235). Yet, despite the high compensation packages for CEOs, majority of the executives are unable to maximise the value of the firms’ revenues while minimising costs (Kolb 679-680). Competing Claims While many scholars have argued against the high compensation practices for CEOs, a substantial number argue that executives are rightly remunerated s ince pay for the typical CEO is to a large extent driven by existing market forces. Jeffrey Moriarty, cited extensively in executive pay literature, projects a valid argument that CEOs must respect their fiduciary duties, and therefore must be morally obligated â€Å"to reject excessive compensation from the firms they lead, even when such compensation is the outcome of an entirely arm’s length negotiation† (Kolb 679). This scholar argues that organisations may be unable to maximise their value and competitiveness due to high compensation practices for CEOs, hence calls for a minimum effective compensation or â€Å"maximum morally permissible compensation† necessary to attract, retain, and motivate CEOs to maximise the value of the organisations in the delivery of long-term results.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, it is common practice that CEOs receiving very high compensation packages would forego a project with positive net present value (NPV) if such a project causes them to fall short of the current quarter consensus forecast, and instead choose to invest in a short-term project that generates higher short-term returns in order to illustrate a perception of greater ability and hence justify their hefty payouts and market value. In the long-term, however, â€Å"stock price will drop due to sacrificed long-run profit for short-term profit, and CEO wealth will be negatively affected when the CEO holds a large number of stocks or stock options† (Gong 2). This assertion demonstrates why financial institutions, such as Frontier Bank and First Commercial Bank, have failed despite being led by highly remunerated CEOs. A major counterargument is that â€Å"while CEO pay has increased substantially since the early 1990s, the pay of other talented and fortunate groups has increased by at least as much† (Kaplan 6). Additionally, advocates for high CEO pay suggest that it would be immoral to reduce the pay when all indicators demonstrate that the productivity of a country’s economy has increased considerably over the years (Bogle 23; Ozkan 262). Criteria The recent credit market turmoil, corporate scandals, as well as the abuse of the 2008 golden parachute clause, provides the basis for claiming that CEOs are grossly overpaid despite their incapacity to deliver long-term results for their respective organisations. Reasons and Evidence It can be argued that hefty pay packages for CEOs do not translate into extemporary performance for the firm as well as enhancement of shareholder value in the long-term (Moriarty 238). In the recent credit market turmoil, CEO Charles Prince of Citigroup lost his job after the financial service firm lost hundreds of millions of dollars in poor performance related to prioritising short-term profits over long-term profits (Kaplan 6). In 2007, the second- highest paid Wall Street boss, Stanley O’Neil of Merrill Lynch, was forced to resign after running the financial institution to a near collapse due to shaky mortgages. Available figures indicate that O’Neal’s 2006 pay was approximately $48 million, second on Wall Street only to the $54.3 million earned by Goldman Sachs Group Inc. CEO Lloyd C. Blankfein† (Associated Press para. 9). In 2008, James Cayne of Bear Stearns was left with no option than to sell his shares in the troubled investment bank for a meagre $61 million (from a net worth of more that $1 billion), not mentioning that Bear’s shareholders suffered profound losses after the firm’s forced sale to JPMorgan Chase (Thomas para. 1-2). Although Cayne took home $34 million in pay, the former CEO and Board Chairman engaged in corporate malpractices to conceal the true state of affairs at Bears before its collapse (Kaplan 8).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Thinking Paper: Executive Compensation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It can also be argued that overpaying CEOs and other board members does not translate into well-run and managed organisations that have the capacity to improve shareholder value and performance over the long-term. Despite having highly remunerated CEOs at the helm, Enron and WorldCom collapsed due to financial scandals related to insider trading and shady accounting practices (Moriarty 237). Their collapse demonstrates that the CEOs never practiced value-based management (Avantika 29) and that the pay-for-performance strategy normally used to calculate pay packages for CEOs is not necessarily functional (Bogle 22; Ozkan 260). Further afield, the morale of many employees and shareholders is adversely affected by collapsing firms when they employ the Golden Parachute clauses to give substantial benefits to a CEO in the event that one firm is acquired by another, or the CEO’s contract is terminated immaturely (Banker et al 5). For example, ex-Merrill CEO Stanley O’Neil was given a lump sum of $161.5 million when the investment bank went under even after critics questioned his role in worsening the financial performance and shareholder value of the firm (Associated Press para. 1). Quantifier The above reasons, along with the alluded evidence, validate the argument that CEOs are grossly overpaid despite their incapacity to deliver long-term results to the organisation, and the scenario is worsened by the fact that CEOs ultimately receive huge allowances during the termination of their contracts even after putting their respective firms on a path towards obscurity. Conclusion From the analysis, it is evident that huge pay packages for CEOs do not necessarily translate into capacity to deliver long-term results for the organisation in terms of performance and improvement in shareholder value. The case scenarios highlighted (i.e., Mer rill Lynch, Bear Stearns, Citigroup, Enron and WorldCom) are a sharp indicator of the difficulties in linking high executive compensation to positive firm performance and improvement in shareholder value. Although advocates of high executive compensation cite market forces as the main reason for this trend, stakeholders need to take caution not to remunerate CEOs highly for short-term gains while compromising the long-term benefits of the organisation. Works Cited Associated Press. â€Å"Ex-Merrill Lynch CEO to Walk Out with $161.5M.† NBC News 30 Oct. 2007. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Avantika, Tomar. â€Å"Global Recession and Determinants of CEO Compensation: An Empirical Investigation of Listed Indian Firms.† Advances in Management. 4.12 (2011): 27-37. Business Source Premier. Web. Banker, Rajiv D., Maseko N. Darrough, Rong Huang and Jose M. Plehn-Dujowich. â€Å"The Relation between CEO Compensation and Past Performance.† The Accounting Review. 88.1 (2013): 1-30. Business Source Premier. Web. Bogle, John C. â€Å"Reflections on CEO Compensation.† Academy of Management Perspectives. 22.2 (2008): 21-25. Business Source Premier. Web. Gong, James Jianxin. â€Å"Examining Shareholder Value Creation over CEO Tenure: A New Approach to Testing Effectiveness of Executive Compensation.† Journal of Management Accounting Research. 23.1 (2011): 1-28. Business Source Premier. Web. Kaplan, Steven N. â€Å"Are U.S. CEOs Overpaid?† Academy of Management Perspectives. 22.2 (2008): 5-20. Business Source Premier. Web. Kolb, Robert. â€Å"Must CEOs be Saints? Contra Monarty on CEO Abstemiousness.† Business Ethics Quarterly. 21.4 (2011): 679-691. Business Source Premier. Web. Moriarty, Jeffrey. â€Å"How much Compensation can CEOs Permissibly Accept?† Business Ethics Quarterly. 19.2 (2009): 235-250. Business Source Premier. Web. Ozkan, Neslihan. â€Å"CEO Compensation and Firm Performance: An Empirical Investigation of UK Panel Data.† European Financial Management. 17.2 (2011): 260-285. Business Source Premier. Web. Thomas, Landon. â€Å"Down $900 Million or More, the Chairman of Bears Sells.† New York Times 28 March 2008. Web. This essay on Critical Thinking Paper: Executive Compensation was written and submitted by user Jason Mcbride to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald

Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald, born Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) was an American author whose works became synonymous with the Jazz Age. He moved in the major artistic circles of his day but failed to garner widespread critical acclaim until after his death at the age of 44. Fast Facts: F. Scott Fitzgerald Full Name: Francis Scott Key FitzgeraldKnown For:  American authorBorn:  September 24, 1896 in St. Paul, MinnesotaDied:  December 21, 1940 in Hollywood, CaliforniaSpouse:  Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald (m. 1920-1940)Children:  Frances Scottie Fitzgerald (b. 1921)Education: Princeton UniversityNotable Works: This Side of Paradise, The Great Gatsby, Tender Is the Night, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Early Life F. Scott Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, to a well-off upper-middle-class family. His parents were Edward Fitzgerald, a former Marylander who moved north after the Civil War, and Molly Fitzgerald, the daughter of an Irish immigrant who made a fortune in the grocery industry. Fitzgerald was named after his distant cousin, Francis Scott Key, who famously wrote â€Å"The Star-Spangled Banner.† Only a few months before his birth, two of his sisters died suddenly. The family did not spend his early life in Minnesota, however. Edward Fitzgerald worked mostly for Proctor and Gamble, so the Fitzgeralds spent most of their time living in upstate New York and in West Virginia, following Edward’s job demands. Nevertheless, the family lived quite comfortably, thanks to a wealthy aunt and Molly’s inheritance from her own rich family. Fitzgerald was sent to Catholic schools and proved to be a bright student with a particular interest in literature. In 1908, Edward Fitzgerald lost his job and the family returned to Minnesota. When F. Scott Fitzgerald was 15 he was sent away from home to attend a prestigious Catholic prep school, the Newman School, in New Jersey. College, Romances, and Military Life After graduating from Newman in 1913, Fitzgerald decided to stay in New Jersey to continue working on his writing, rather than returning to Minnesota. He attended Princeton and became heavily involved with the literary scene on campus, writing for several publications and even joining a theatre troupe, the Princeton Triangle Club. During a visit back to St. Paul in 1915, Fitzgerald met Ginevra King, a debutante from Chicago, and they began a two-year romance. They conducted their romance mostly through letters, and she was reportedly the inspiration for some of his most iconic characters, including The Great Gatsby’s Daisy Buchanan. In 1917, their relationship ended, but Fitzgerald kept the letters she’d written to him; after his death, his daughter sent them to King, who kept them and never showed them to anyone. F. Scott Fitzgerald in his military uniform in 1918; he never saw action in the war.   Time Life Pictures / Getty Images Fitzgerald’s writing-related activities took up the bulk of his time, which meant he neglected his actual studies to the point of being on academic probation. In 1917, he officially dropped out of Princeton and joined the Army instead, as the U.S. was just joining World War I. He was stationed under the command of Dwight D. Eisenhower, whom he despised, and feared that he would die in the war without ever having become a published author. The war ended in 1918, before Fitzgerald was ever actually deployed overseas. New York and Europe in the Jazz Age While stationed in Alabama, Fitzgerald met Zelda Sayre, the daughter of a state Supreme Court justice and a Montgomery socialite. They fell in love and became engaged, but she broke it off, worried that he would be unable to support them financially. Fitzgerald revised his first novel, which became This Side of Paradise; it sold in 1919 and was published in 1920, becoming a quick success. As a direct result, he and Zelda were able to resume their engagement and were married that same year in New York City at St. Patrick’s Cathedral. Their only daughter, Frances Scott Fitzgerald (known as â€Å"Scottie†) was born in October 1921. The Fitzgeralds became staples of New York society, as well as the American expatriate community in Paris. Fitzgerald formed a close friendship with Ernest Hemingway, but they came into conflict over the subject of Zelda, who Hemingway openly hated and believed was holding Fitzgerald’s career back. During this time, Fitzgerald supplemented his income by writing short stories, since only his first novel was a financial success during his lifetime. He wrote The Great Gatsby in 1925, but although it’s regarded as his masterpiece now, it was not a success until after his death. Much of his writing was tied to the â€Å"Lost Generation,† a phrase coined to describe the disillusionment in post-WWI years and often associated with the group of expatriate artists with which Fitzgerald mingled. Zelda and F. Scott Fitzgerald, circa 1921. Time Life Pictures / Getty Images   In 1926, Fitzgerald had his first movie offer: to write a flapper comedy for the United Artists studio. The Fitzgeralds moved to Hollywood, but after Fitzgerald’s affair with actress Lois Moran, their marital difficulties necessitated a move back to New York. There, Fitzgerald began working on a fourth novel, but his heavy drinking, financial difficulties, and Zelda’s declining physical and mental health got in the way. By 1930, Zelda was suffering from schizophrenia, and Fitzgerald had her hospitalized in 1932. When she published her own semi-autobiographical novel, Save Me the Waltz, in 1932, Fitzgerald was furious, insisting that their lives together were â€Å"material† that only he could write about; he even managed to get edits made to her manuscript before publication. Later Years and Death In 1937, after Zelda’s final hospitalization, Fitzgerald found himself financially unable to decline an offer from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to move to Hollywood and write exclusively for their studio. During that time, he had a high-profile live-in affair with gossip columnist Sheilah Graham, and he wrote a series of short stories mocking himself as a Hollywood hack. His hard living began to catch up with him, as he had been an alcoholic for decades. Fitzgerald claimed to suffer from tuberculosis–which he very well may have–and he suffered at least one heart attack by the end of the 1930s. On December 21, 1940, Fitzgerald suffered another heart attack at his home with Graham. He died almost instantly, aged 44. His body was taken back to Maryland for a private funeral. Since he was no longer a practicing Catholic, the Church refused to allow him a burial in the Catholic cemetery; he was instead interred at Rockville Union Cemetery. Zelda died eight years later, in a fire at the asylum where she was living, and she was buried next to him. They remained there until 1975, when their daughter Scottie successfully petitioned to have their remains moved to the family plot at the Catholic cemetery. Legacy Fitzgerald left behind an unfinished novel, The Last Tycoon, as well as a prolific output of short stories and four completed novels. In the years after his death, his work became more praised and more popular than it ever was during his life, especially The Great Gatsby. Today, he’s regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. Sources Bruccoli, Matthew Joseph. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2002.Curnutt, Kirk, ed. A Historical Guide to F. Scott Fitzgerald. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Homosexual male couple wants to adopt a child. What will Rousseau, Essay

Homosexual male couple wants to adopt a child. What will Rousseau, Benedict, and Aquinas argue. What is your view Explain - Essay Example Others feel that adults have a right to express sexual preference, that it is a private choice and not a moral issue at all, but that children need a mother and a father which, by definition, a male homosexual couple cannot provide. Still others feel that children need parents to love and guide them, and that sexual preference is not pertinent. Rousseau claimed that individual freedom comes from sacrificing personal liberty to the â€Å"general will†, so that the common interest (not necessarily the majority vote) can be legislated and everyone is protected by the community’s will (Philosophy, et cetara). In the case of conflict, arising from diversity, Rousseau claims that the common interest is what benefits all members, so minority interests are protected from being exploited. Individual rights become collective rights. The general will can never take away individual rights because individual rights are not of practical use to the community or common good (Philosophy, et cetara). Given this argument, relative to the issue under consideration, it is an individual right to become part of a couple and to raise a family. The general will can only be given an opportunity to overturn this right if two conditions are met. The first is that there is found sufficient and overwhelming evidence that there is danger or developmental threat to children from male homosexual parents. In this event, it can be said to be in the common good to protect the children of the community, who are all innocent and good (Doyle and Smith), from threat. The second condition, which must also be met, along with the first, is that the general will leads to legislation protecting all children of all parents from all threats of any kind. This condition is necessary to meet the requirement of equality under the law. As these conditions do not currently exist, then Rousseau

Reproductive Disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reproductive Disorders - Essay Example Nearly 20% of men with rectal colonization become symptomatic. Infection in untreated cases is complicated by involvement of testes and epididymis (Ison, 2011). In females, nearly half of the uncomplicated N. gonorrhoeae infections are asymptomatic. Symptomatic females present with purulent or nonpurulent vaginal discharge due to cervicitis. Complicated infection is more common in women. Involvement of fallopian tubes and pelvic peritoneum occurs and patient presents with acute abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, malaise and ill health (Ison, 2011). PID due to gonococcal infection is more common in the developing part of the world. It is acquired by sexual transmission. The infection spreads across the epithelium of fallopian tubes, ovaries and pelvic peritoneum causing inflammation of these structures and resultant adhesions and abscesses. Ovarian abscess and peritonitis are serious sequelae of the disease (Ison, 2011). Jane’s symptoms are suggestive of peritonitis. Fallopian tube blockage and adhesions due to pelvic inflammatory disease and ovarian abscess can lead to infertility and ectopic pregnancy (Ison, 2011). Thus, Jane may develop infertility as a result of PID. N. gonorrhoeae was earlier sensitive to antimicrobials but it has rapidly developed resistance. At present, 3rd generation extended cephalosporins are the drugs of choice. Penicillinase producing N. gonorrhoeae is drug resistant bacteria and this enzyme mediated resistance is acquired through plasmids. A low degree of resistance is also mediated as chromosomal resistance which is a result of additive effect of multiple mutations. They have become resistant to Tetracyclines but ceftriaxone nd azithromycin remain active (Ison, 2011). Ison, C.A.  (2011). Gonorrhoeae and the clinical picture of infection. In G. E. Gross & S. K. Tyring (Eds.), Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (pp. 79-80). New York:

Comparison of ender and Pheidippides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison of ender and Pheidippides - Essay Example They both entered highly rigorous educational institutions designed to shape them permanently, for instance, and both characters seem to engage with their educators in somewhat similar ways. Furthermore, both characters entered their educational institutions for reasons other than self-betterment, and under pressure from outside sources. Ender and Pheidippides both demonstrate two important qualities in students: the willingness to challenge their teachers, the willingness to ‘buy in’ to their educational systems, but both also show very clearly that a coercive education is damaging and that one must have the right reasons for seeking education. One thing that becomes clear immediately about both Ender and Pheidippides is that neither is simply willing to accept what their instructors say; rather, both show a willingness to challenge their instructors or superiors in cases that do not make sense. Early upon joining real battles in Battle School, Ender is told by his supe rior: you will not pass through the gate until four full minutes after the beginning of the game, and then you will remain at the gate, with your weapon undrawn and unfired, until such time as the game ends (Card 87), which obviously puts his teammates at a disadvantage, being down one person. He refuses, however, to obey. Eventually, he sits lifeless through an entire battle, only to force a draw at the final moments by going against order and attacking his opponents by surprise (94), and winning the game. He suffers punishment for his actions, but learns that sometimes disobeying a superior is the right thing – and that instructors do not necessarily know everything. Pheidippides shows a similar willingness to challenge his teacher’s instructions. In â€Å"The Clouds† the audience does not see a great deal of Pheidippides’ education, other than a brief exchange between the two arguments, and the experience of his father. Pheidippides’ shows he is willing to question his teacher by arguing against the things his father learned during his time in the Thinkery. The father, for instance, insists that two different things cannot both be a â€Å"fowl† (Aristophones 1080) This essentially negates the categorization of objects, but is not something that Pheidippides is willing to accept on face value: he challenges his father, arguing that this does not constitute an education (1084). Both Ender and Pheidippides are willing to question the educations they are given. Though both characters certainly seem willing to question their educations, they both also buy in to their educations. Though Ender initially hates his educational experience, his isolation and so on, when he is put in the role of an educator he in fact repeats the very isolating acts he hated one of his students, Bean. He singles the boy out, making the others â€Å"avoid eye-contact with him† (Card 134), exactly as he had done to him. Though he â€Å"wa nted to undo his taunting of the boy† (134), he in fact continues the isolating practices picking the boy out again by saying â€Å"Bean doesn’t think so,† when he believes the boy disagrees with what his fellows are thinking because he knows it will make the boy a better soldier, like it made him a better one. Pheidippides shows a similar willingness to buy in to his education. He observes the arguments of â€Å"

Environmental Protection In India

Environmental Protection In India Over the years, together with a spreading of environmental consciousness, there has been a change in the traditionally-held perception that there is a trade-off between environmental quality and economic growth as people have come to believe that the two are necessarily complementary. The current focus on environment is not new-environmental considerations have been an integral part of the Indian culture. The need for conservation and sustainable use of natural resources has been expressed in Indian scriptures, more than three thousand years old and is reflected in the constitutional, legislative and policy framework as also in the international commitments of the country. Section 1: Legislations for environmental protection in India, Section 2: Indigenous Peoples, Section 3: Indigenous Peoples and Scientific Legislations Legislations for environmental protection in India Even before Indias independence in 1947, several environmental legislation existed but the real impetus for bringing about a well-developed framework came only after the UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, 1972). Under the influence of this declaration, the National Council for Environmental Policy and Planning within the Department of Science and Technology was set up in 1972. This Council later evolved into a full-fledged Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) in 1985 which today is the apex administrative body in the country for regulating and ensuring environmental protection. After the Stockholm Conference, in 1976, constitutional sanction was given to environmental concerns through the 42nd Amendment, which incorporated them into the Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Rights and Duties. Since the 1970s an extensive network of environmental legislation has grown in the country. The MoEF and the pollution control boards (CPCB i.e. Central Pollution Control Board and SPCBs i.e. State Pollution Control Boards) together form the regulatory and administrative core of the sector. A policy framework has also been developed to complement the legislative provisions. The Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution and the National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development were brought out by the MoEF in 1992, to develop and promote initiatives for the protection and improvement of the environment. The EAP (Environmental Action Programme) was formulated in 1993 with the objective of improving environmental services and integrating environmental considerations in to development programmes. Other measures have also been taken by the government to protect and preserve the environment. Several sector-specific policies have evolved, which are discussed at length in the concerned chapters. This chapter attempts to highlight only legislative initiatives towards the protection of the environment. Forests and wildlife The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Amendment 1991 The WPA (Wildlife Protection Act), 1972, provides for protection to listed species of flora and fauna and establishes a network of ecologically-important protected areas. The WPA empowers the central and state governments to declare any area a wildlife sanctuary, national park or closed area. There is a blanket ban on carrying out any industrial activity inside these protected areas. It provides for authorities to administer and implement the Act; regulate the hunting of wild animals; protect specified plants, sanctuaries, national parks and closed areas; restrict trade or commerce in wild animals or animal articles; and miscellaneous matters. The Act prohibits hunting of animals except with permission of authorized officer when an animal has become dangerous to human life or property or so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery (WWF-India, 1999). The near-total prohibition on hunting was made more effective by the Amendment Act of 1991. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 This Act was adopted to protect and conserve forests. The Act restricts the powers of the state in respect of de-reservation of forests and use of forestland for non-forest purposes (the term non-forest purpose includes clearing any forestland for cultivation of cash crops, plantation crops, horticulture or any purpose other than re-afforestation). Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA) This Act is an umbrella legislation designed to provide a framework for the co-ordination of central and state authorities established under the Water (Prevention and Control) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention and Control) Act, 1981. Under this Act, the central government is empowered to take measures necessary to protect and improve the quality of the environment by setting standards for emissions and discharges; regulating the location of industries; management of hazardous wastes, and protection of public health and welfare. From time to time the central government issues notifications under the EPA for the protection of ecologically-sensitive areas or issues guidelines for matters under the EPA. The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 These rules lay down the procedures for setting standards of emission or discharge of environmental pollutants. The Rules prescribe the parameters for the Central Government, under which it can issue orders of prohibition and restrictions on the location and operation of industries in different areas. The Rules lay down the procedure for taking samples, serving notice, submitting samples for analysis and laboratory reports. The functions of the laboratories are also described under the Rules along with the qualifications of the concerned analysts. The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 This Act provided for the establishment of a National Environment Appellate Authority to hear appeals with respect to restriction of areas in which any industry operation or process or class of industries, operations or processes could not carry out or would be allowed to carry out subject to certain safeguards under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. International agreements on environmental issues India has signed several multilateral environment agreements (MEA) and conventions, such as: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora (CITES), 1973, to regulate and inhibit international commercial trade of endangered species or derivative products. Its aims to counter the economic incentives of poaching endangered species and destroying their habitat by closing off the international market. India became a party to the CITES in 1976. International trade in all wild flora and fauna in general and species covered under CITES is regulated jointly through the provisions of The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, the Import/Export policy of Government of India and the Customs Act 1962 (Bajaj, 1996). Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 is a legally binding treaty. It deals with conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of biological resources and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their sustainable use. It addresses several concerns such as including habitat preservation, intellectual property rights, and indigenous peoples rights. Indias initiatives under the Convention include the promulgation of the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972, amended in 1991; and participation in several international conventions such as CITES. An assessment of the legal and regulatory framework for environmental protection in India The extent of the environmental legislation network is evident from the above discussion but the enforcement of the laws has been a matter of concern. One commonly cited reason is the prevailing command and control nature of the environmental regime. Coupled with this is the prevalence of the all-or-nothing approach of the law; they do not consider the extent of violation. Fines are levied on a flat basis and in addition, there are no incentives to lower the discharges below prescribed levels. In 1995, the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) constituted a task force which strongly advocated the use of market-based instruments for the control of environmental pollution. Various economic incentives have been used to supplement the command-and-control policies. Depreciation allowances, exemptions from excise or customs duty payment, and arrangement of soft loans for the adoption of clean technologies are instances of such incentives. Another aspect that is evident is the shift in the focus from end-of-pipe treatment of pollution to treatment at source. The role of remote sensing and geographical information systems in natural resource management and environmental protection has also gained importance over time. An important recent development is the rise of judicial activism in the enforcement of environmental legislation. This is reflected in the growth of environment-related public litigation cases that have led the courts to take major steps such as ordering the shut-down of polluting factories. Agenda 21 highlights the need for integration of environmental concerns at all stages of policy, planning and decision-making processes including the use of an effective legal and regulatory framework, economic instruments and other incentives. These very principles were fundamental to guiding environmental protection in the country well before Rio and will be reinforced, drawing on Indias own experiences and those of other countries. The Indigenous Peoples In India, the indigenous peoples are predominantly composed of the large and diverse tribal populations scattered across several states. Anthropological literature suggests that the tribal designation arose as a colonial construct, in which all those living on the margins of mainstream agrarian society but within the structure of the Hindu caste system were delineated as primitive and tribal. In Indian languages, there is no exact equivalent for the word tribal, but close synonyms are vanavasis (forest dwellers) or adivasi (original inhabitants). The 1891 Census Report arranged different castes according to their traditional occupations, and forest tribes were assigned a separate category from that of agricultural and pastoral castes. Thus, both etymologically as well as spatially, the lives and livelihoods of tribal communities in India are intrinsically linked with forests. It has been argued that the definition of indigenous peoples as original settlers is problematic in the Indian context. Sociologists like Dube (1977) and Beteille (1998) have pointed out that tribal traditions themselves make re ­peated mention of migration of their ancestors. There is considerable evidence to suggest that several groups were pushed out of the areas that they were first settled and had to seek shelter elsewhere. Today more than 50 million of tribal people live in and around forests. There is a clear overlap between the forest and the tribal maps of the country, as well as an overlap with poverty (Poffenberger and McGean 1996) At present, about 95% of the total forest area belongs to the govern ­ment, and the tribal population of India has been divested of much of its legal communal rights. This is a major practical concern, because the rural economy of India is largely biomass-based. People are directly depen ­dent on forests and common lands for a variety of non-commercial-timber forest products for food and fuel, small timber for housing, and herbs and medicinal plants for meeting their subsistence livelihood needs. In the absence of alternative sources of livelihoods or an ability to eke out sustenance from marginal landholdings, there is a continued high level of dependence on forests for survival. The widely used state right of eminent domain allows the state to acquire private and common property for public purposes. The eminent domain right has remained supreme, overriding all other policies, laws, and regulations. It is under the right of eminent domain that the state acquires land to build infrastructure, mines, dams, and other projects. With an estimated $30 billion proposed as investment in mining-related projects in the next decade, communal land will continue to be a site of intense conflict between tribal people and the state. The encroachment of the state on forests and customary tenure rights of tribal forest-dwelling communities did not go unchallenged during the colonial and postcolonial periods. Undeterred by the provisions of the Indian Forest Act of 1927, many tribal groups have mounted a sustained challenge to the continued denial of their communal rights over forests. The example of the van panchayats (forest councils) demonstrates this point. In response to agita ­tions, the colonial government gradually recognized the existence of some local community rights over forests and their resources, and these were incorporated in the Indian Forest Act of 1927. The act provides for consti ­tuting village forests to meet local needs, and this led to the creation of forest councils in Uttar Pradesh through a new state law passed in 1931. All the de-reserved marginal reserved forests were reclassified into Class 1 forests and placed under the jurisdiction of the van panchayats, in which local tribal communities play a key role in forest administration. More than 4,000 van panchayats were created, although the area under their control did not exceed 8% of the total forest area of India. Nonetheless, they represent an example of a forest tenure system in which communal ten ­ure is recognized by law (Sarin 2003). Indigenous people and their communities represent a significant percentage of global population. They have developed over many generations, a holistic traditional scientific knowledge of their lands, natural resources and environment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦In view of the inter ­relationship between the natural environment and its sustainable development and the cultural, social, economic and physical well-being of indigenous people, national and international efforts to implement environmentally sound and sustainable development should recognise, accommodate, promote and strengthen the role of indigenous people and their communities. The above extract from Agenda 21 (UNCED, 1992), aptly captures the need for increased recognition of indigenous people and their knowledge of natural resource management and its use in sustainable development. Integration of indigenous people and scientific forest management Indigenous forest management activities may originate in specific areas in response to specific pressures, but this does not prevent them from adopting and transforming appropriate components of scientific forest management systems through interaction and shared experience. Indeed there is a need to promote equity of forest management systems between indigenous communities and formal forestry scientists around the world (Agarwal, 1995). This process of integrating two forest management systems is essential to achieving sustainable forest management. There is no fixed method of addressing the bottlenecks in integration of indigenous and scientific knowledge, instead the methods chosen will vary according to what is appropriate and feasible within the institutional, ecological, and social environments in which they operate. The Indian Forest Policy of 1988 (MoEF, 1988) and the subsequent Government resolution on participatory forest management (MoEF, 1990) emphasise the need for peoples participation in forest management. The policy document asserts that local people should be actively involved in protection, conservation and management of forests. Hence the policy envisages a process of joint management of forests by the state government (professional foresters) and the local people. So far, out of 25 state governments, 23 states have adopted Joint Forest Management (JFM). As on the 1st January 2000, 10.24 million ha of forestlands were managed under the JFM programme through 36 075 forest protection committees (MoEF, 2000). Evidence of long standing local forest management practices can be found in various parts of India particularly in eastern and north-eastern regions. Despite increasing pressures with the increased population, regulations regarding resource use and harvest assist in managing forests in a sustainable way. As the JFM programme has evolved, there are clear indications that the programme has had considerable impact on local ecology, economics, and the people (Yadav et al., 1997). Initially the relationship between the local people and forest department was strained and lacked trust. Regular interaction and participatory learning and planning activities has facilitated an open dialogue and removed mutual distrust between officials of forest department and local people. Viewed in the light of the adaptive learning model, it was found that exchange and interaction of scientific and indigenous aspects of forest management within the context of JFM have resulted in ecological improvement and increase in average household income after four-five years of strong JFM activities. ETFRN Publication Series Local people as well as foresters identify with the JFM programme. They take pride in being part of the programme and are recognising its benefits. Based on the successful experience of JFM, irrigation, health, and agriculture sectors are also now placing an emphasis on integration of indigenous and scientific knowledge through peoples participation in resource management. However real integration of scientific and indigenous management systems is still rarely achieved, and in presenting the model I aim to make more explicit the opportunities for doing so, and highlight ways forward for the continuous process of adaptive learning. Conclusion There is a need to strengthen indigenous community institutions to allow them to function effectively and interact with outside actors. Appropriate policy reforms are required to include these institutions in government programs and schemes, and provide support for capacity building to enable them to function in a democratic and transparent manner, ensuring social and gender equity. It is necessary to identify common parameters among different indigenous community institutions and develop guiding principles, processes, and mechanisms that allow better interface between the institutions, local government, and technical agencies. To encourage sustainably productive forest management by communities, there is a need to eliminate harvesting and transport permit requirements where possible and create free forest trade zones for community enterprises in upland areas of the Northeast. Community networks should be established or strengthened to self-monitor environmental impacts of small-scale forestry enterprises. As a result of carrying colonial baggage, the Indian Forest Act and the environmental law in general still caters to the British policies with respect to Indian forests . This law is ideal tool for furthering the cause of revenue generation.Conservation and involving the people in the management of forests were not the British approach. Newer legislations such as the Forest (Conservation) Act, Wildlife Protoection Act, The Biological Diversity Act, and most recently the Scheduled Tribes Bill have made attempts to bridge this gap, with ample support from the Courts. It is time though to take up all the laws and combine them to come up with a composite and comprehensive Environmental Law that reflects the change in approach towards the environment and the indigenous people who live most integrated with it.

To Be Or Not To Be A Criminal: A View On Young Offenders And Young Victims Of Crimes

Everyday we hear about news on crimes committed almost everywhere in the world. What is not anymore surprising to hear is that most of the persistent offenders and victims of crimes are young people. No matter how not surprising it can be, it has been a growing public concern. This work aims to understand why these young people are the most common offenders and victims of crimes, the factors which pushed them to commit crimes, and gender differences of the offenders and victims. Furthermore, a view on the reasons why the Black youth has the greater tendency of committing and being victimized by crimes will also be discussed. An individual who is 17 years old or younger is classified as a young offender or victim of crime. It has been observed that the presence of certain risk factors in a young individual’s life most likely increases his vulnerability in committing crimes. Such particular factors include personal, family, social, educational and mental health factors. When we speak of personal factors, these involve alienation and lack of social commitment. Family factors are poor parental supervision and discipline, low family income or social isolation, family conflict and parental criminality. Social factors are hanging around in public places, availability of illegal drugs, opportunity for crime and peer involvement in problem behavior. Educational factors include lack of commitment to school, disruptive behavior, low achievement and school disorganization. In regard to mental health factors, these are aggressive and anti-social behavior, emotional disorders and severe mental illnesses. You can read also King v Cogdon Additionally, it was also studied that young people in care are the most disadvantaged and socially excluded population. Hence, their low educational attainment increases their chances of being unemployed, becoming homeless and more likely to engage in anti-social behavior and crime. Furthermore, the young people have the greater tendency of committing and becoming offenders of crimes should there be proof of evidence of the availability of multiple risk factors in their lives. As much as young people commit crime disproportionately, they also suffer from it. Analysis on the experiences of young people showed that they are generally at greater risk of all types of violence than older people. Violent offences are predominantly committed against young people, and more often against men than women. It has been observed that males are more delinquent and victimized than females. Such difference in gender and youth crime is affected by the seriousness of the crime being committed. A study by Carrington and Moyer (1998) states that females are less likely to commit crimes involving the use of weapon which most of the time result to major injury or death to the victim. Furthermore, females are much less inclined in targeting a private residence to commit crimes probably because males are more likely to be involved in break and enter offences. The males, having the greater chances of being violent, are therefore more delinquent in committing crimes. Hence, such tendency also pushes them to commit crimes against male victims whom they think will have the lesser opportunity of fighting back, or should they fight back, such offenders will take the risk in placing great injury or killing their victims. Young chronic offenders may be defined as a group of individual who are responsible for the most severe crimes and are most likely to continue such criminal activity until they reached adulthood. Family and environment play vital role whether or not youth become chronic offenders. Chronic juvenile delinquents display a huge amount of anti-social behavior whether or not they belong to the same social class or racial group. Hence, the vulnerability of youth in committing crimes does not depend solely in a particular class or racial or ethnic group. As long as the same factors exist in the youth’s life, the greater the tendency of them becoming juvenile delinquents. It has been learned that these young chronic offenders have history of lying, stealing, or doing poorly in school when they are still of tender age. Such behavior patterns will not be outgrown as easily as it may appear. In regard to the issue why there are more black youth offenders in the society as well as juvenile delinquents from the lower class who commit crimes, it is fair to note that racial and social status should not only be the determining factor why these people have been tagged as chronic crime offenders. Geographical factors as well as the number of population of blacks and other races in a particular place are vital elements in the determination of the weight of crimes being committed. It would be too racist to establish the black youth as chronic crime offenders. Economic deprivation may be an issue in committing crimes but belonging in the lower class does not necessarily mean that most youth belonging in this social bracket have the most tendency of becoming offenders.

Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 18

There were two hundred blocks between the Richards' mansion and downtown New York City. Just under ten miles. But moving like a vampire isn't like running in a normal sense, especially as I had just drained one of the Richards' goats. If I was a blur to the world, so was the world to me. My head was down as I spent my entire focus on avoiding the obstacles right before me and trying to exhaust myself. Down from the rocky cliffs and heights of Fort Tryon with its cool trees, and through the valley that separated it from the rest of the city. Back into civilization, the unpaved dirt roads that smelled of dust and plants, particularly the tobacco I recognized from my native Virginia. After enduring a week of waiting and watching and trying to outthink my brother, I just wanted it to all be over. And now it wasn't. Damon couldn't kill Winfield until the cash was available, and who knew how long that was going to be. In the meantime I had to stay with Bridget, keep tabs on the Sutherlands, pretend to be happily married, and continue to try and figure out Damon's endgame. I was caught in a web of guilt; every move of mine stuck another limb deeper. I just wanted to break free. I wish I could live in solitude. If I had to live out eternity as a vampire, at the very least I could leave no evidence of it. No deaths, no injury, no hurt, no evidence of my unnatural existence at all. I was running from myself, my new self, and could never escape, just as I ran from Damon, my shadow in this endless afterlife. The scent of nature soon gave way to the reek of sewage and rot that clung to even rich neighborhoods. In the alleyways behind the giant houses, servants dumped slop out into back streets and milk carts left fresh dairy products on back steps. All they would notice was a strange rush of wind, a vacuum that had been created in my passing, a momentary darkening against a brick wall like a cloud had passed over the sun. In the Garment District my nose was assailed by the harsh tang of chemicals and the singeing of fibers as young women cut, sewed, and dyed cloth in the factories that were beginning to replace the farms in New York City. Leaning against the fire escape with their sleeves pushed up, small clusters of these young women smoked cigarettes on their precious breaks. As I tore by one girl, cutting it very close, my tail wind snuffed out her match. I looked back to see her staring, confused, at the feather of smoke. Soon I was overcome by the smell of human flesh and waste. Of horse manure and flickering gas lamps. Of industry, print and ink and black smog, of the river, briny fish, and finally a fresh breeze. These were the only details of the city I took in, all sounds and sights muted to a roaring black and white. Expensive perfume and flowers. Butchered meat and smoky bacon. Lemon and ginger†¦ I stopped suddenly, in the middle of Washington Square. That was Katherine's perfume. A hand clasped my shoulder, and I spun around expectantly. But instead of seeing the dark curls of the woman who had made me, I found myself face-to-face with Damon, who stood there, one eyebrow raised in condescending amusement. My face fell and I slumped, exhaustion and despair overtaking me. I didn't even bother shaking off his hand. Where was I going to go, really? My brother had followed me all the way up the East Coast. So long as I refused to drink human blood, he would always be stronger, faster than I was. I was only delaying the inevitable by trying to escape whatever he had planned next. â€Å"It's our wedding night, brother. Where are you off to?† Damon's voice was sharp. Exhausted from my marathon of pain and escape, I just stood there. â€Å"I was going to come back.† Damon rolled his eyes. â€Å"I'll get us a cab,† he said, snapping his fingers. One came over immediately. â€Å"Seventy-third and Fifth,† he ordered, through the trap door. â€Å"We're going to the Sutherlands'?† I asked, confused. â€Å"Not the Richards'?† â€Å"We're going home,† Damon corrected. â€Å"And yes, the reception's over. You ran out at the very end.† â€Å"What did you tell Bridget?† I couldn't help asking. While I didn't love her, I felt bad about abandoning her at her own wedding. In some ways, it was the worst thing that I could do to a girl like her. Damon rolled his eyes. â€Å"Don't worry. They don't even realize you've gone missing.† â€Å"So you haven't killed them yet?† â€Å"Whoever said I was going to kill them?† he asked innocently. â€Å"Do you think I'm some kind of monster?† â€Å"Yes,† I said. â€Å"Well, I am what you made me,† Damon said with a tip of his hat. â€Å"You're not making this any easier,† I muttered. â€Å"You must have me mistaken for someone who cares about making your life easier,† Damon said, suddenly cold, his eyes flashing. â€Å"You know, you've taken a lot of effort to make sure you stay in my life,† I pointed out. â€Å"Are you sure it's just to make me miserable?† He stared at me. â€Å"What are you getting at?† â€Å"I think you need me, Damon,† I growled. â€Å"I think that under your anger, you're scared and horrified of what you've become. I am the last link to your human self, the only person who knows who you are. And I'm the only person for the rest of eternity who will.† Damon narrowed his eyes at me. â€Å"Brother, you don't know anything about me,† he hissed. He threw the door of the cab open and swung himself up and out. A soft thunk indicated he had landed on the roof. I stuck my head out the window and looked up. I watched with horror as Damon picked up the driver and ripped his neck open, sucking only a mouthful or two before throwing him off the cab and on to the street. â€Å"Damon! Stop!† I yelled, but it was too late. I tried to dive out the door, to go after the injured man, but Damon threw an arm out and pushed me back into the carriage as he sped around a corner. Perched on top of the cab, mouth covered in blood, Damon whipped the horse into a frothing frenzy. And so we two brothers hurled northward, one driving and one being driven, like Satan compelling the damned.

Not Without My Daughter Essays

Not Without My Daughter Essays Not Without My Daughter Paper Not Without My Daughter Paper Brian Gilbert used textual features such as lighting, camera angles, shots and music to demonstrate the conflict between the members of the Manhood family. Early in the movie there is a scene where Betty learns that Moody has no intentions of leaving Iran. Lighting and framing are used then to reflect the conflict. The room they are in is dark with very little light coming through a window. This low key lighting reflects the feelings of despair Betty feels. She feels Iran is a very primitive country and not a suitable place for her child to be raised. In addition, framing and angles are used to present the differences In power. Low angles shots are used to show Moody. The low angles reflect the power Moody has In the Iranian society. In contrast, high angle shots display Bettys lack of power, making her look small and weak. The differing angles and contrasting power they reflect foreshadow future confrontations between Betty and Moody. Lighting and framing were effectively used to show the shift in power in Iran. Later on in the movie, Moody finds Betty at the school and starts beating her, and hen Mammoth stands up to her father he hits her too. In this scene shots and framing are used to reflect the dominance of males in Iran. First, Brian Gilbert uses a high angle show Moody beating Betty. This shot effectively reflects how helpless Betty is in the Iranian culture where women have little to no rights. She can neither stand up to moody nor run away from him as he has absolute power over her. Furthermore, a long shot Is used when Moody hits Mammoth. This shot makes Mammoth look very small. Thus reminding the audience Just how different the laws In Iran are as Moody can hit his child and have no consequences for doing so. Brian Gilbert used shots and framing to portray how the newfound power has revealed just how violent Moody is and how he does not care about the well being of the rest of the family. Betty eventually escapes Moody control by leaving with a man who assists western women in similar predicaments. She calls Moody on the phone and an angry conversation ensues. Camera movement, sound and music were used to reflect the offering beliefs between the two countries and the changes in the familial conflict. For example, the camera pans around the room where Moody sits while talking on the phone with his family surrounding him. The pan allows the audience to see all of Moody family. The sheer number of people behind Moody reflects the customs In Iran as everyone views his abuse of Betty as commonplace. They do not question the morality of his violent actions nor do they care about the welfare of Betty. In Dalton, music and sound reflect a shift in power. There is no non-dietetic sound in the scene emphasizing ten conversation. I nee conversation Is Important Elector sound Decease it displays how much more confident Betty is now that she has escaped. It reflects the differences in roles of woman between American and Iranian culture as Betty is completely different when she no longer has to fear being beaten by Moody. She is now able to make her own decisions and choices. Music, sounds and camera movement were used in this scene to reflect the Iranians view of the conflict and how Betty and Mammoths freedom changed the conflict. In movies small things like the angle of a shot or the lighting of a scene can change the mood and interpretation of a scene. These subtle features were all used effectively in Not Without My Daughter to demonstrate a cultural conflict within the Manhood family. Each scene demonstrated different aspects of the familial conflict providing a clear image of how different the cultures Iran and America are. These differences not only affect familial relationships as demonstrated in the film, but also relations between the two countries.

India After Independence-Cons Essays

India After Independence-Cons Essays India After Independence-Cons Essay India After Independence-Cons Essay It has been 65 years since India won its independence from the British. A lot has changed in these years. From the silent films to the musical blockbusters, from the patriotism to the capitalism, from joint families to nuclear families, India has grown and changed. But with the growing population of the country, the problems also grow manifold. On one hand Incredible India promises economic prosperity, greater opportunities, better infrastructure etc. But on the other hand, our government and citizens constantly fight battles against poverty, illiteracy, gender bias and many such social evils.The colonial rule following Macaulay’s prescription created an elite class that mediated between the British rulers and the common Indian. The resulting gap between the elite and people at large persists till today leading to a weak leadership, endemic corruption, policy failure and poor governance. Thus, for example, India remains trapped in a one-way globalisation, mindlessly copying irrelevant solutions from the West. Then, too, material progress since independence has been largely concentrated in the modern sectors, dictated largely by the stage of the world economy.Two separate circles of development got created, the rapidly developing modern one uncomfortably co-existing with the marginalised and crisis-ridden traditional sectors. the major economic and other problems of post-independence India have their roots in the disruption of Indian society caused by colonisation. The country’s persisting poverty, illiteracy, and general backwardness can be traced to the poor quality of political leadership because of its elitist roots, low investment due to the drain of the surplus, and the Indian societys loss of value for original and relevant ideas and knowledge. n a country where every second day there is a case of honour killing, caste discrimination and words scheduled caste and dalits are still a common parlance, Today social evils are gnawing the fabric of the country and turning it hollow. The most prominent among them is corruption. It is pervading every layer of the society be it administration, education, sports or any field. The society has transformed and gone are those days when meeting bare needs led satisfaction and a sense of contentment.Avarice and greed for more luxuries has made society selfish. People today want their interests to be suited rather than benefits of society at large. Not only is corruption prevalent in the donations that educational institutions ask for admission, but also in our daily chores. Even when you ask some staff to bring vegetables from market, he has a tendency to keep Rs. 5 for himself. What did he gain by that amount? He only lost his moral values and steered a little more towards the wrong side. However knowing all this, people still do the same.

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

Research paper - Essay Example The difference here is that the Fences represents an African-American family while the Death of a Salesman is a story of the middle class American Caucasian of the 1940s. The story of Death of a Salesman centres around the disillusioned Willy Loman’s inability to stay focused on things and is replete with flashbacks. Willy’s family is struggling to survive and Biff, the son is unemployed and constantly fighting with Willy. There is a constant failure in jobs. The flashbacks reveal that Biffs career was jeopardized in high school when Biff finds his father having an affair. Eventually Biff accepts himself for what he is, but his father is unable to come to terms with failure and kills himself. Fences though written in was written in 1986 portrays a family of the fifties. It is a play that portrays the life of an African-American family living in a difficult period when Africans were being segregated. Byungho Han (2001) describes the setting of the play thus: â€Å"The setting of Fences intends to reveal their dreams of happiness, and subsequent sense of loss, and frustration in the fifties of America.†Ã‚   This play tells the life of a middle-aged African American, Troy Maxson, who struggles to raise his son, keep his family together in an ever changing society. Laura Hitchcock while comparing him with Willy Loman says, â€Å"Like Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman, Troy Maxson is one of the most recognizable anti-heroes of the American stage. Hes monstrous, honourable, and a huge charismatic presence in the life of his family†. He has survived a brutal childhood and a prison term and works as a garbage man. Troys son, Cory, wants to play football and get a college scholarship. Troy believes that the whites will not allow his son to play. He also feels that football will interfere with Cory’s job at a grocery store. He makes Cory leave football for his job as he wants Cory to become

Comments(another one) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comments(another one) - Essay Example Downsizing is in the true meaning the unemployment of people but the unemployed individual may believe that the company from which they were fired did not have a choice and this was a step which had to be taken. Other examples of newspeak are also seen in today’s world. For example, the spying technology which intrudes the privacy of others is justified by the government by explaining that this is an important step for the security of the people but in reality this is an encroachment into the personal space of others. Doublethink has also been correctly explained with the concept of cognitive dissonance put forward by Leon Festinger and it has further been strengthened in the paper with the example of persecution in the United States. Other examples of doublethink include immigration where on one side a person thinks that immigrants reduce the opportunities for the citizens of the country they migrate to. On the other hand, there is another perspective on this issue where a person is forced to think that these immigrants leave their homeland owing to serious problems and they migrate to a new place only with the hope of a better future. Therefore, immigration is a stand on which a person tends to have contradicting thoughts. Thus, it is a well-balanced paper which correctly defines the purpose of the concepts of newspeak and doublethink in the novel followed by examples which can be seen in today’s world for the two