The Development Of Pretty As An Intensifier English Language Essay

The Development Of elegant As An Intensifier English Language judgeIt is comm solitary(prenominal) acknowledged that the first thought about the definition of slightly is good-looking as an adjective when it is discussed nevertheless, when this al-Quran is searched with ICE-GB, and 20 instances atomic quash 18 instal as an adjective whereas 112 manikins atomic number 18 adverbs, the frequency of which is close five dollar bill times prouder. This result is corresponding to the separate corpora, such as British National Corpus with the frequency of 55.60 per million newsworthinesss as an adjective while 118.17 per million words as an adverb in the year of 2000. Accordingly, the lexicon charming is normally utilise as an adverb rather than an adjective. What increases the adverbial usage of sanely? This essay is going to analyze the progress of the word bonny as an intensifier or a downtowner through and through the corpus of ICE-GB. First of all, the message o f intensifiers or downtoners will be defined, followed by the historical alteration of somewhat, and the personal manner of grammaticalization. After that, collocations and core scales ar in like manner worth discussing. In the final exam part, the number of examples in spoken and written registers will be explained.Intensifiers and downtoners are semantically categorized as modifiers or degree words, which are traditionally under the classes of adjective and adverb. Syntactically, modifiers control elemental direct rather than clausal level (Nevalainen and Rissanen, 2002 361). This indicates intensifiers and downtoners to some extent vary the degree of the word that they modify. As defined by Biber (1999 554-555), intensifiers enhance the degrees of the word on a scale, exactly downtoners decrease the scale on the gradable items. Moreover, although Bolinger (1972 17) does non distinguish the disparity between these ii, he still calls degree words as intensifiers and divi des them into quatern classes based on the scalar region boosters, compromisers, diminishers, and minimizers, which are from higher level to the lower part of the scale. This completely shows that at that place must be a scale among modifiers, which amplify or lessen the words that they modify.Backlund (1973 69) states that sensibly is a moderate degree adverb because it uses a vague statement to reinforce a convinced(p) inwardness into the word that it modifies. The heyday of view is similar to the paper of a scale among modifiers, since moderate degree adverbs also increase or decrease the degree of modified words that is to say, I foot make use of Bolingers idea to consider slightly as an intensifier, to be more specific, compromisers. Pretty as an intensifier modifies the adjectives because it shows the middle scale of the adverbsIt was quite somewhat impact stuff and I really enjoyed it.theyre you know somewhat experient counsellors.Its really a fair outstandin g game so far.which was bewitching straightforward to most observers by this time,.Pretty also modifies the adjectivesyour first degree has got to refer jolly closely if youre going to get on a contour in most cases.then one comes down pretty square in the period before priests and Levites were separated.you saw last week we stack date pretty exactly in the late sixth century.I mean the the Tories started pretty messily.The word pretty, according to Nevalainen, and Rissanen (2002 367), eject be traced rearwards to Old English as a spurt of prttig with merely 10 instances, and mostly means cunning or cleverness in controvert contexts. In Middle English period, the meaning of pretty extends into ternary categories (1) cunning, and clever, (2) manly, fine fair-sized, considerable, great of a beating, and (3) handsome elegant enjoyable and pleasant, which Nevalainen and Rissanen lead that the development of the adverb pretty originates from the definition fair-sized, conside rable , and great (2002 308). Furthermore, they also point out that although none of the examples show the use of pretty as an adverb in ordinal century, historically, pretty or prettily starts to be adverb in the fifteenth century. Seventeenth century sees a signifi kindlet increase in the number of instances of pretty as an adverb, which suggests that the intensifier meaning of pretty is stepwise developing, and from the examples that Nevalainen and Rissanen exploit, pretty and very seem to be inter neuterable (2002309). The following instances taken from ICE-GB evidence very is the synonym of prettyThis loss of heat would pretty in brief lead to its reaching a very cold temperature.I hope, pretty briefly because this has been a short case.The first three lines are pretty easy really,Its pretty hard to park there anyway.Later on, in the nineteenth century positive ideas are conveyed by the usage of pretty, which is gear up to modify adjectives and adverbs (Backlund 1973 133). If pretty is considered to be an intensifier, it may own undergone a action of functional shift, (Biscetti, 2006 62) which means the procedure of intensifier forming is related to semantic sport copy, which is established by Lorenz in 2002. This refers to the fact that pretty becomes an intensifier through connecting the adjacent lexicon which has similar meaning. Therefore, Nevalainen and Risssanens idea about the origin of pretty as an adverb can be applied to examine the forming of intensifiers.Thats pretty good. greatI hypothesize they did pretty well to get to end up like that. greatThese two examples seem to represent that pretty pre-modifies its similar words, good and well, in the meaning of great. However, they cannot represent the whole conversion because these two words are the high frequency lexica that pretty lumps with in ICE-GB with bakers dozen and six times respectively. The opposite highly collocating examples found in ICE-GB do not show the semantic feature copyingI am pretty sure that it is actually.It is uh pretty quick.If functional shift or semantic feature copying cannot completely explain the change of pretty, there are some other reasons. According to Mendez-Naya (2003 372), intensifiers can be said to undergo a turn of grammaticalization, on account of the fact that the function of a grammatical form are generated by the gradual loss of lexical idiosyncrasy. In addition, Ito (2003 261) also points out delexicalization, which is a procedure of grammaticalization, and elucidates the intensifiers as a lexicon that the speakers comment or evaluation towards the word they want to express. Then, five stages are further illustrated from (a) schoolmaster meaning, (b) expressing emphasis, (c) affirming truth of modified words, (d) attributive adjectives, to (e) intensification without the original meaning. Some instances are found in ICE-GB(17a) It was actually really pretty.(17b) its in a quiet three-lined highway filled with pre tty houses,.(17c) I am pretty sure of that.(17d) ostensibly thats a pretty good idea.(17e) You were pretty stroppy then.Pretty in (17a) is an adjective to show the original definition of pretty either in three of them in Middle English Dictionary. (17b) contains an adjective pretty as well, but it shows the highlighting of the word houses, and it to some extent weakens its other original meaning, such as clever. Pretty in (17c) enhances the sureness of the speaker, while in (17d) it becomes the attributive adjectives and modifies either good or idea. Pretty in both(prenominal) (17c) and (17d) still possess some meaning of great itself, while in (17e) it is purely an intensifier in view of the fact that pretty can straightforwardly be considered as its synonym very. These instances manifest the grammaticalization and make pretty seem to experience semantic shift.Apart from grammaticalization, the frequency of collocation that pretty has also interests the discussion value. There ar e eighty-four examples of adjectives that pretty modifies in ICE-GB. The first one and two are good and sure, which have thirteen and four examples respectively. Big, busy, and quick have three instances for each, and difficult, hard, impressive, low, slow, strong only have two examples. Backlunds (1973 134) states that pretty primarily combines with positive or neutral words, and occasionally, with negative words to express irony. This is perhaps due to the reason that pretty as an intensifier does not amplify or attenuate the gradable word up to the top of the scale or down to the bottom. It is interesting to incur that good is a positive word which is the highest tendency word to collocate with pretty, followed by sure, big, busy, and quick, the neutral words. The negative words that pretty collocates in ICE-GB are bad, dreary, grim, sad, wrecked, and stroppy, which only have one example. On the other hand, the adverbs that pretty modifies are six examples of well, two examples of quickly, and the others briefly, closely, exactly, high, messily, seriously, soon, block out of, and squarely. Similarly, there is a tendency for pretty to collocate with well, a positive word.The meaning scale of pretty as an adverb is categorized by Backlund (1973 134-143) into (i) lowering the emotional level, (ii) lowering criticism, (iii) function of weak statement, (iv) degree modifier, (v) expression of phrasal, (vi) self-compliment, and (vii) front-position.(18i) I suspect thats a pretty intimidate record,.(18ii) Yeah I mean hes a pretty normal boy.(18iii) So I imagine you have pretty strict regulations concerning its us.(18iv) it would have been pretty well impossible to get in without a key.(18v) your memory was pretty good basically, and this wasnt a problem.(18vi) Ive had a very uhm pretty straightforward sort of a life Im afraid.(18vii) Pretty lots yeah Ive got to admit.The sentimental word daunting in (18i) is brought down by pretty because if this instance expre ssed without pretty, then it will be an explicit expression, showing the record is intimidating. In (18ii), pretty produces the idea that the interlocutor does not concern the thing he or she states, while pretty in (18iii) weakens the degree of strict, making the example sound euphemistic. Example (18iv) is more interesting because pretty modifies not only well but also the adjective impossible. The reason is based on the x schema (Santorini and Kroch, 2007) pretty dominates the following well and impossible in the phrase pretty well impossible. Examples (18v) and (18vi) manifest positive thoughts of the expresser, and these two instances are the evidence of the fact that pretty are likely to collocate with positive and neutral lexical. Front-position, as Backlund (1973 143) claims, only occurs in the beginning of a encompassing condemnation, or can be recovered by the eliminated components, that is or it is. Hence, (18vii) can be uttered as Its pretty much. Yeah, Ive got to admit .So far, the thing that has not been discussed is the instances pretty much, which appears in ICE-GB eight times. According to Backlund (1973 138), pretty much can be regarded as almost since much gains the implication of almost and nearly from the phrase pretty much the same, and pretty is often excluded.(19) I was pretty much advanced on the delegates.Likewise, pretty well comprises a similar sense almost as pretty much, but it also contains reluctance and reservation in the utterance (Backlund, 1973 140).(20) those percentages were pretty well reversed.Although Bolinger (1972 215-217) asserts that when pretty much is used as a pre-modifier, it is a type of fusion, and it becomes a sentence modifier with the less restrictions of connecting verbs, no instances can be found in ICE-GB.Finally, there are 134 instances that can be found in ICE-GB, and 20 of them are written registers while the others are spoken ones. This implies that pretty used as an intensifier is still rare in wri tten works, serious as Gonzalez-Diaz (2008 233) claims that verbal situations are the initial stage that language change happens, and later written language is influenced if speakers have created the innovation.In conclusion, pretty has experienced the language change from pure adjective clever to polysemy, and one of its meaning belongs to a modifier. Grammaticalization and the frequent collocations that pretty use may be the causes of the transformation. When battalion are inclined to utter the pattern of expression, the expression will gradually fixed, consequently leading to the novel usage of the word. That is the reason why there are some analogous meanings between pretty much and pretty well, even though pretty is considered as an intensifier. Overall, no matter how pretty develops, intensification is the linguistic expression of exaggeration and depreciation. (Bolinger, 1972 20)Totall 2050